12 results
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Absolute Insulin deficit:
 - Type I DM:
Pathophysiology ... Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome ... Absolute Insulin deficit ... Relative Insulin deficit ... #dka #hhs #pathophysiology
Ophthalmoplegia secondary to Orbital Apex Syndrome

A 61-year-old man presented with retro-orbital pain, near-complete ophthalmoplegia, loss of
to Orbital Apex Syndrome ... facial sensory deficits ... Orbital #Apex #Syndrome ... Clinical #Video #Ophthalmology
Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Risk factor for Late Onset Alzheimer's (99% of cases):
 - Increasing
mutations - Down syndrome ... Complications: • Deficit ... AlzheimersDisease #Dementia #pathophysiology
Isocoria - Pupillary Defects - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Relative Afferent Pupil Defect
 • Optic Neuritis
 • Ischemic
Afferent Pupil Defect ... Midbrain (Parinaud's Syndrome ... Algorithm #Causes #Ophthalmology
Adie's Pupil on Physical Exam

Adie's pupil is a neurological disorder characterized by a tonically dilated pupil
but shows a more definite ... clinical #video #ophthalmology ... #neurology #syndrome
Orbital Cellulitis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Definitions:
a. Chemosis: Edema of the bulbar conjunctiva
b. Panopthalmitis: inflammation of all
Afferent pupillary defect ... Orbital #Cellulitis #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
IgA Vasculitis – Henoch Scholein Purpura: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

 - Infectious Agents - 50% have
Circulating galactose-deficient ... nephrotic/nephritic syndrome ... HenochScholeinPurpura #Pathophysiology
Blurry Vision - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Anatomical Approach to Eye Disease:
1. Lids/Lashes
2. Extraocular Muscles/Motility
3. Conjunctiva/Sclera
4. Cornea
5. Anterior
• Sjögren’s syndrome ... • Visual field defect ... hyperviscosity syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #ophthalmology
Keratoconus: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Genetics
 • Family history of keratoconus
 • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
 • Down, Turner,
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome ... Turner, Marfan syndromes ... #Keratoconus #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Acquired Disorders of Reduced Bone Strength: Pathogenesis
 • Hyperparathyroidism
 • Vitamin D deficiency
 • Malabsorption syndromes
Malabsorption syndromes ... mineralization defect ... #BoneStrength #pathophysiology