46 results
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
Hypoventilation: CNS ... , Interstitial Lung ... #AA #Gradient #alveolar ... #arterial #pulmonary ... Hypoxia #hypoxemia #differential
It is very important to differentiate between acute consolidation and chronic consolidation, because it will limit
In chronic disease ... - Lung neoplasms ... proteinaceous material ... #Diagnosis #Radiology ... #Pulmonary #CXR
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome (HPS) 

HPS-differential diagnosis:
1. Pulmonary vasculature
2. Diseases of the lung parenchyma
3. Pleura and diaphragm

HPS-diagnosis:
1. Patients
(HPS) HPS-differential ... Pulmonary vasculature ... Diseases of the ... lung parenchyma ... Alveolar-arterial
Causes of Hypoxemia- Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Ventilation/perfusion Mismatch
 • Airway Disease (Asthma, COPD)
 • Vascular (PE*)
 •
of Hypoxemia- Differential ... • Interstitial lung ... diseasePulmonary ... Defect ** • Atrial ... Abnormalities • Chest
Hypoxemia / Hypoxia - Rapid Response Management Algorithm

Stridor - Upper airway pathology:
 • Anaphylaxis
 • Foreign
Blood: diffuse alveolar ... asthma • Pleural disease ... atelectasis • Lung ... Hypoventilation: • CNS ... Hypoxemia #Hypoxia #differential
Ground-glass opacity
Ground-glass opacity (GGO) represents:
- Filling of the alveolar spaces with pus, edema, hemorrhage, inflammation or
result of air space disease ... or interstitial lung ... disease (i.e. fibrosis ... #Pulmonary #CTChest ... #GroundGlass #Differential
Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia (MAT)
• At least 3 different P wave morphologies: 
• Rate 100-180
• Irregular 
Etiology
Multifocal Atrial ... Secondary to chronic lung ... disease (COPD) ... • Hypoxia • Pulmonary ... Tachycardia #MAT #Cardiology
Hypoxemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm by A-a Gradient

Normal A-a Gradient:
 • ↓ Atmospheric pressure
 • Hypoventilation: CNS
Hypoventilation: CNS ... neuromuscular disease ... , ↓ chest wall compliance ... Cardiac, Vascular, Alveolar ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #pulmonary
Atrial Fibrillation Overview

Symptoms:
Palpitations, light-headedness, dizziness, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, chest pain, near-syncope, syncope.

1. Why?
Cardiac:
• Valvular heart disease
•
Atrial Fibrillation ... exercise intolerance, chest ... Noncardiac: • Pulmonary ... #Fibrillation #Cardiology ... #Management #Algorithm
Differential diagnosis of Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis. 
On the left multiple diseases showing septal thickening:
1. Lymphangitic carcinomatosis: irregular
Differential diagnosis ... left multiple diseases ... #Clinical #Radiology ... #Pulmonary #CTChest ... Carcinomatosis #Mimic #Differential