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Chicago Classification of Esophageal Motility Disorders
Achalasia
EGJ Outflow Obstruction
Distal Esophageal Spasm
Jackhammer Esophagus
Absent Contractility
Ineffective Motility
Rapid Contraction

#Chicago #Classification #Esophageal
Chicago Classification ... Contraction #Chicago
Adrenal Tumors - Differential Diagnosis and Characteristics
 • Adenoma (Benign): <4 cm, ≤10 HU, Rapid contrast
Adrenal Tumors - ... unilateral, regular • Adrenal ... Thiago Mendes @mendesthiagob ... #Adrenal #Tumors
Adrenal Incidentalomas: Hormone Evaluation
 • Zona Glomerulosa: Primary Hyperaldosteronism?
    - Aldosterone and renin
Adrenal Incidentalomas ... evaluation • Adrenal ... Thiago Mendes @mendesthiagob ... #Adrenal #Tumors
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm
Decreased renal potassium excretion
 • Acute renal failure
 • Chronic renal failure
 • Drugs
Increased
algorithm Decreased renal ... excretion • Acute renal ... • Congenital adrenal ... Addison's/congenital adrenal ... high: • Post-renal
Adrenal Crisis
Do not confuse acute adrenal crisis with Addison disease. In 1855, Thomas Addison described a
Adrenal Crisis ... confuse acute adrenal ... syndrome of long-term adrenal ... contrast, an acute adrenal ... be a cause of adrenal
Hirsutism - Differential Diagnosis
Defined as excessive dark, coarse, male-pattern hair growth
Hirsutism causes in premenopausal women:
 •
Androgen-secreting tumors: Adrenal ... Thiago Mendes @mendesthiagob
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
Primary Adrenal ... Damage of the adrenal ... aldosterone Causes of Adrenal ... Metastatic Disease -> Adrenals ... melanoma Bilateral Adrenal
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ADH Independent:
 • Tea and Toast Syndrome, Beer Potomania - Low solute
Renal Failure ... Hypovolemic - GI losses, renal ... Hypothyroidism, adrenal
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis and Screening Testing
Common causes: 
 • Renal parenchymal disease
Common causes: • Renal ... evaluate cause of renal ... h of infusion Adrenal ... CT scan, adrenal ... • Congenital adrenal
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup

Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration.
Step 2.  Check plasma osmolality.
NORMAL PLASMA
HYPOVOLEMIC • extra-renal ... - fevers • renal ... hypothyroidism • adrenal ... nephrotic syndrome • renal