23 results
Xeropthalmia: Pathogenesis and Ocular Manifestations

Decr Visual pigment -> Keratinization, thickening & non-wetting of the conjunctiva
with vitamin A deficiency ... (shrunken, non-functional ... #Xeropthalmia #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Functional Dyspepsia - Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management
Risk factors: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Psychological comorbidity, Helicobacter pylori infection,
Functional Dyspepsia ... - Pathophysiology ... Diagnosis and Management ... sex, Smoking Symptoms ... : Bothersome symptoms
Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure - Diagnosis and Treatment Algorithm
Diagnosis: Ferritin <100 ng/mL (absolute ID) OR
Iron Deficiency ... with TSAT <20% (functional ... reasonable to improve functional ... order to alleviate symptoms ... heartfailure #diagnosis #management
Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure
Pathophysiology:
Chronic heart failure leads to an increase in inflammatory cytokines → Inflammation
Iron Deficiency ... Heart Failure Pathophysiology ... with TSAT <20% (functional ... improvement in symptoms ... heartfailure #diagnosis #management
Magnesium Deficiency and Alcoholism

Risks associated with Mg deficiency in alcoholism:
 • Affects protein synthesis. energy production,
Magnesium Deficiency ... production, & cell function ... • Depressive symptoms ... • Mg deficiency ... Alcoholism #alcohol #pathophysiology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management Algorithm
Risk factors: Previous acute enteric infection, Female
Syndrome (IBS) - Pathophysiology ... Diagnosis and Management ... Younger age, Other functional ... factors affecting symptom ... #Diagnosis #Management
Hypothyroid Myopathy
Very common (up to 80% ) in patients with hypothyroidism
Pathophysiology:
 • T4 deficiency leads to
hypothyroidism Pathophysiology ... : • T4 deficiency ... impairs musde function ... Hypothyroid #Myopathy #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Orbital Cellulitis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Definitions:
a. Chemosis: Edema of the bulbar conjunctiva
b. Panopthalmitis: inflammation of all
Exposes cornea -> Corneal ... Orbital #Cellulitis #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Inflammatory Disease: (i.e. GCA, SLE, GPA) ->
Protein C & S deficiency ... , ATIII deficiency ... Occlusion #CRAO #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Diplopia - Double Vision - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Clinical Pearls:
 • Diplopia is almost always binocular.
 •
• Neurologic symptoms ... Dislocation • Functional ... • Corneal Distortion ... Algorithm #Causes #Ophthalmology