171 results
Countercurrent Multiplication in the loop of Henle

Dr. Muner Mohamed @MunerMohamed1

#Countercurrent #Multiplication #loop #Henle #pathophysiology #nephrology
Countercurrent Multiplication ... in the loop of ... MunerMohamed1 #Countercurrent ... Multiplication #loop ... pathophysiology #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... • HTN Absent: Loop ... #causes #potassium ... #low #nephrology
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm using Urine Potassium to Creatinine Ratio

#Hypokalemia #Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm #Potassium #Creatinine #Ratio
Hypokalemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... using Urine Potassium ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #Ratio #nephrology
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Increased Intake
 • Reduced Excretion (IV potassium with
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Excretion (IV potassium ... #Hyperkalemia #Nephrology ... #Differential #
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm
Decreased renal potassium excretion
 • Acute renal failure
 • Chronic renal failure
 • Drugs
Increased
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm ... Decreased renal potassium ... Hyperkalemia #Diagnosis #algorithm ... #nephrology #potassium ... #differential
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Clinicians should also look ... #causes #nephrology ... #potassium
Hormones Acting on the Nephron - Diuretics and Their Site of Action
 1) Acetazolamide
 2) Osmotic
mannitol) 3) Loop ... HCTZ) 5) Potassium-sparing ... Pathophysiology #Nephrology
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options
Stabilize cardiac membrane:
 • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes)
Decrease potassium concentration:
 • IV Fluids
Shift
minutes) Decrease potassium ... Fluids Shift potassium ... Sodium bicarbonate Potassium ... renal function) - Loop ... #nephrology
Diuretics sites of action on the nephron
1) Acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)
2) Osmotic diuretics (e.g. mannitol)
3) Loop
. mannitol) 3) Loop ... Metolazone) 5) Potassium-sparing ... #pharmacology #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift:
 • Alkalosis
 • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation 
 • Erythropoiesis
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #nephrology #low ... #potassium