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diagnosis differential signs symptoms management urology algorithm nephrology stages staging treatment adhesivecapsulitis aki alkaline alp american caudaequina cdc coagulation complications
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
urine • 1ml blood ... clots ➔ Lower Urinary ... decompression • Diverticulum ... Upper and Lower urinary ... #renal #urine #blood
Guide to Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) What to ask/look for: - HPI, PMH, full ROS
AKI) What to ask ... /Cr - Renal/bladder ... rhabdo/TLS) Causes ... pre-renal) - Urinary ... Atheroemboli — 1% #AcuteKidneyInjury
Increased Urinary Frequency - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Non-increased urine volume (<2mL/min), Rule out polyuria Extrinsic to Urinary Tract:
Vulvovaginitis • Bladder ... Small Volume Bladder ... • Overactive Bladder ... • Diabetes • MS ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Lower Urinary Tract Infections: Complications - Infection damages the urinary tract epithelium causing fibroblast proliferation and
Lower Urinary Tract ... extends above the bladder ... gain access to blood ... urea which may cause ... UrinaryTractInfection #LUTI #Pathophysiology
Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings Urgency Urinary Incontinence (UUI) -> Urinary leakage preceded by a
Overfilling of the bladder ... BPH, urethral or bladder ... mellitus -> Bladder ... SUI or UUI not caused ... Incontinence #Mixed #Pathophysiology
Cauda Equina Syndrome Causes: • Large lumbar degenerative disc herniation (central) • Severe lumbar spondylosis • Neoplasm
Equina Syndrome Causes ... reflexes) • Urinary ... • As soon as bladder ... CaudaEquina #Syndrome #MSK ... #pathophysiology
Varicocele: Pathogenesis and clinical findings Primary: - Anatomically: the left spermatic vein drains into the left renal
clinical findings Primary ... artery Backup of blood ... retroperitoneal masses ... Obstruction of blood ... #Varicocele #Pathophysiology
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) Pathophysiology: Triggering factor (infection,...)→Activation of CD8 T cells (IFN-y) → Excessive activation of macrophages
Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) Pathophysiology ... Phagocytosis of blood ... assessment+++ Primary ... Drugs, Unknown cause ... 100 mg/m2) : in case
Transverse Myelitis Overview Focal inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord resulting in rapid onset of weakness, sensory
, and bowel or bladder ... 10-33% develop MS ... monophasic Pathophysiology ... Autonomic: Bowel/Bladder ... • Infectious causes
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Overview Increased Clotting and Consumption of Clotting Factors Findings: • Bleeding • Recent history
ABO incompatible blood ... protein C and S Pathophysiology ... Treatment: • Treat primary ... cause • Correct ... Coagulation #diagnosis #causes
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