23 results
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
clots ➔ Lower Urinary ... hematuria • Signs ... decompression • Diverticulum ... Urethritis • Urethral diverticulum ... Upper and Lower urinary
Guide to Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)

What to ask/look for: 
 - HPI, PMH, full ROS
AKI) What to ask ... /Cr - Renal/bladder ... rhabdo/TLS) Causes ... pre-renal) - Urinary ... Atheroemboli — 1% #AcuteKidneyInjury
Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Urgency Urinary Incontinence (UUI) -> Urinary leakage preceded by a
BPH, urethral or bladder ... mellitus -> Bladder ... SUI or UUI not caused ... Incontinence #Mixed #Pathophysiology ... #Signs #Symptoms
Increased Urinary Frequency - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Non-increased urine volume (<2mL/min), Rule out polyuria
Extrinsic to Urinary Tract:
Vulvovaginitis • Bladder ... Small Volume Bladder ... • Overactive Bladder ... • Diabetes • MS ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Lower Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

- Predisposing Factors:  Immunocompromised state, diabetes, elderly, female
obstruction, neurogenic bladder ... : Infection of bladder ... causing symptoms Signs ... UrinaryTractInfection #LUTI #Pathophysiology ... #Signs #Symptoms
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Causes:
 • Large lumbar degenerative disc herniation (central)
 • Severe lumbar spondylosis
 • Neoplasm
Equina Syndrome Causes ... reflexes) • Urinary ... • As soon as bladder ... CaudaEquina #Syndrome #MSK ... #pathophysiology
Causes of Urinary Incontinence - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 - Transient - Easily reversible cause (DIAPPERS)
Causes of Urinary ... Incontinence - Distended bladder ... Contraction - Signs ... medications • Bladder ... Obstruction #Urinary
Upper Urinary Tract infection (UUTI): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Predisposing Factors:
 - Immunocompromised, Diabetes,
 - Elderly, Female
Upper Urinary Tract ... obstruction, neurogenic bladder ... , urinary reflux ... UrinaryTractInfection #UUTI #Pathophysiology ... #Signs #Symptoms
Emphysematous Cystitis
Epidemiology:
 • Usually middle-aged diabetic women
 • Other RF: neurogenic bladder, urinary tract outlet obstruction,
RF: neurogenic bladder ... compromise Clinical Signs ... be present or signs ... Pathophysiology: ... producing gas in bladder
Lower Urinary Tract Infections: Complications
 - Infection damages the urinary tract epithelium causing fibroblast proliferation and
Lower Urinary Tract ... deposition -> Urinary ... extends above the bladder ... urea which may cause ... UrinaryTractInfection #LUTI #Pathophysiology