69 results
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
proteinuria, RBC casts ... for renal biopsy ... and referral to Urology ... if cause not identified ... Algorithm #Workup #urology
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
thrombosis • Renal ... Sickle cell) • Renal ... TURP/Biopsy Renal ... #urology #nephrology ... #renal #urine #
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
osmolarity If cause ... cryoglobulins, hepatitis serology ... , HIV serology, ... renal biopsy • ... #causes
Brudzinski's Sign in Meningitis

Severe neck stiffness causes the patient's knees and hips to flex when the
neck stiffness causes ... the patient's knees ... #physicalexam #neurology
Brudzinski's Sign in Meningitis

Severe neck stiffness causes the patient's knees and hips to flex when the
neck stiffness causes ... the patient's knees ... #physicalexam #neurology
Kernig's Sign in Meningitis

Resistance or pain elicited by passive extension of the knees, thought to be
extension of the knees ... thought to be caused ... #physicalexam #neurology
Causes of Hematuria - Glomerular vs Non-glomerular

== Glomerular ==
- Glomerulonephritis 
- Thin basement membrane disease 

==
Causes of Hematuria ... Pyelonephritis - Renal ... Nonglomerular #Causes ... #Differential #Urology
Bell's Palsy
Bell’s Palsy is a damage, acute weakness, or paralysis of the Facial nerve (7th CN),
an identifiable cause ... The cause is unknown ... #Bells #Palsy #neurology ... #anatomy #pathophysiology
Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis of Macroscopic Hematuria
Important Historical Elements:
- Painless: suggests malignancy
- Painful: suggests calculi/infection
- Urinalysis:
RBC’s, RBC/WBC casts ... suggest intrinsic renal ... Diagnosis #EM #IM #Urology
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)  Type 1 

Totally scuppers the kidney's acidification mechanism. Will be
Distal Renal Tubular ... Distal #Diagnosis #Management ... #Nephrology #Causes