22 results
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Symptoms: Commonly no signs ... easily/weakness, Bone ... /joint pain Psychiatric ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Diagram of different types of bone tumors that can occur around the knee on XRay -
different types of bone ... involucrum • Paget ... lytic-blastic phase • Paget ... blade of grass sign ... #Differential #
Diagram of different types of bone tumors that can occur around the knee on XRay
Age <
different types of bone ... involucrum • Paget ... lytic-blastic phase • Paget ... blade of grass sign ... #Differential #
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
Incr IGF1 • Bone ... activates lipolysis Signs ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia - Differential ... Cytokine-Mediated Bone ... Lymphomas) Metastatic Bone ... Thyrotoxicosis • Paget's ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
D) Increased bone ... Hyperthyroidism • Paget's ... disease of bone ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
Note: in DKA, body ... brain... thus, the body ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... DiabeticKetoacidosis #DKA #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
Hypertension - Workup and Differential ... antihypertensive agents ... hypertension and signs ... renal bruit or signs ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Heat Cramps:
 • Muscle pain or spasm -
Heat Stroke - Differential ... Collapse: • Pathophysiology ... → Syncope • Signs ... exercise - Core body ... heat #illness #differential
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Summary
ALS: combination of the clinical examination finding of amyotrophy with the pathologic
lateral sclerosis Pathophysiology ... of UMN and LMN signs ... Can involve any body ... EMG: LMN Signs in ... conditions listed in differential