1366 results
Food carbohydrates
Starch
Polysaccharides
Salivary amylase
G)
Pancreatic amylase
Lactose
Maltose
Lumen
Lactase
Maltase O
Sucrase
Saccharose Disaccharides
Nat
cotransport
carrier
Villus
epithelial cell
Galactose
Glucose
Glucose
Glucose
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Na*- and energy-
dependent
absorption
Glucose
Facilitated
diffusion
#Fructose Monosaccharides
Energy
dependent
Blood capillary
Na+
Pancreatic amylase Lactose ... Maltose Lumen Lactase ... Glucose Glucose Fructose ... Facilitated diffusion #Fructose
Lactic Acidosis - Classification and Differential Diagnosis
Type A Lactic Acidosis: Inadequate Oxygen Delivery
 • Anaerobic muscular
, Epinephrine, Fructose ... , Isoniazid, Lactate-based ... #TypeA #TypeB #lactate
Crystalloid Composition - Normal Saline, Ringer's Lactate, Hartmann's Solution, PlasmaLyte

Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- 
Acetate 
Lactate 
Gluconate 
Bicarbonate
Saline, Ringer's Lactate ... Ca2+ Mg2+ Cl- Acetate ... Lactate Gluconate ... #LR #Ringers #Lactated
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
Lactated Ringers ... mEq/L • Sodium lactate ... pH of 4-7.5 Lactated ... mEq • Sodium Lactate ... mole/L of sodium lactate
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis

The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
Causes of Lactate ... categories Lactate ... The use of lactate ... perfusion - shock->treatments ... before beginning treatment
Shock - Differential Diagnosis Framework
 - MAP <65. SBP <90, drop in SBP > 40
 -
malperfusion - Lactate ... Dehydration Shock Treatment ... MAP > 60-65 2) Lactate ... criticalcare #algorithm #treatment
Management of Abdominal Distension and Bloating - Treatment Algorithm

Definitions
Pathophysiology
Organic/Pathologic Etiologies:
 • Small Intestinal Bowel Overgrowth (SIBO)
and Bloating - Treatment ... • Lactulose/Fructose ... Diagnostics and Testing Treatment ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Treatment
GOLDMARK - Mnemonic for Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
G - Glycols
O - Oxoproline
L - L-Lactate
D - D-Lactate
M
Oxoproline L - L-Lactate ... D - D-Lactate
Lactic acid was first found & described in sour milk by Karl Wilhelm Scheele in 1780.
equilibrium with lactate ... ratio of about 25 lactate ... Thus, lactate is ... #Lacticacid, #Lactate
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis - GOLDMARK

Glycols - ethylene and propylene glycol
Oxoproline
acetaminophen use L-lactate ... metabolism D-lactate