11 results
Traditionally, congestive heart failure has been classified according to severity of symptoms, first formulated by the
Traditionally, congestive ... system to circulate blood ... flare ups that cause ... #HeartFailure #Staging ... #NYHA #ACCAHA
STAGES of CHF (A, B, C, D), however, describe the severity of structural abnormalities that impair
system to circulate blood ... flare ups that cause ... Cardiology #CHF #Congestive ... #HeartFailure #Staging ... #Stages #ACCAHA
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
• Trauma/Crush injury ... • Blood transfusion ... Digoxin • K sparing ... Blood transfusion ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
Management Summary Causes ... Toxins - Drugs - Statins ... • LDH ↑ • Hyperkalemia ... UA positive for blood ... Diagnosis #Management #causes
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
• Trauma/Crush injury ... • Blood transfusion ... Digoxin • K sparing ... Blood transfusion ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Kidney stones caused ... Epithelial Channels (K+ Sparing ... Antagonists, K+ Sparing ... Prevention of blood
Causes of Hyperkalemia
Pseudohyperkalemia
 - Tourniquet use
 - Hemolysis (in vitro)
 - Leukocytosis
 - Thrombocytosis
Intra- to extracellular
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Transfusion of aged blood ... Rhabdomyolysis/crush injury ... Drugs—potassium-sparing ... #Causes #diagnosis
Aortic Dissection Pearls
Aortic dissection is caused by a tear in the tunica intima, the innermost layer
dissection is caused ... Tearing/sharp/stabbing ... associations: • Connective ... Marfans, EDS ... ~60 • Control blood
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview

Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by:
 • Headache
 • Seizures
 • Altered mental
transfusion, Hypercalcemia ... Imaging Patterns ... Testing: • Imaging ... elevated white blood ... the underlying cause
Blood Transfusion Reactions

Immune Mediated:
 • Febrile Non-Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction (FNHTR): Most common immune reaction to transfusion.
Causes purpura & ... Related Acute Lung Injury ... TRALI): Leading cause ... Hypocalcemia, Hyperkalemia ... Hypotension: People taking