33 results
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
fluid loss: • GI ... perspiration Renal ... concentrating defect: • Diuretics ... • Osmotic diuresis ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
Renal Actions of Diuretics

#Diuretics #Sites #Action #Nephron #Pharmacology #Nephrology
Renal Actions of ... Diuretics #Diuretics ... Action #Nephron #Pharmacology ... #Nephrology
Metformin Treatment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Chronic Kidney Disease Stages 3A, 3B, or
Metformin Treatment ... /dc17-2231 #Metformin ... #CKD4 #Dosing #Pharmacology ... VisualAbstract #Nephrology
Hypernatremia Classification and Features According to Volume Status
 - Hypervolemic hypernatremia - Cushing's syndrome, Primary hyperaldosteronism,
Hypodipsia - Renal ... , Loop diuretics ... Postobstructive diuresis ... Vomiting, Diarrhea, GI ... Comparison #Table #Nephrology
Metformin - First Line Treatment for Diabetes Type 2
• Start with initial dose of 500 mg
Metformin - First ... Line Treatment ... gastrointestinal (GI ... medication #Metformin ... Indications #Titration #Pharmacology
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
plasma insulin (treatment ... Eating disorders GI ... Villous adenoma Renal ... chewing tobacco, Renal ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Metformin: Biguanide
Metformin is the first-line medication for treatment of type 2 diabetes. It is very effective
Metformin is the ... medication for treatment ... side effects is GI ... attention to patients renal ... #Pharmacology #
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
mOsm/kg - Implies renal ... Hypovolemic (H2O loss): GI ... , Ingestion Renal ... • Hypovolemic: Diuretics ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Regulating Renal ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... #Renal #Excretion ... #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Pharmacology #
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria - Urine Output > 3L/day, Increased Urine Volume (>2ml/min)
Osmotic
/min) Osmotic Diuresis ... Recovery from Acute Renal ... Burns, Steroids], GI ... Bleed) • NaCl ... #Polyuria #Nephrology