613 results
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis - GOLDMARK

Glycols - ethylene and propylene glycol
Oxoproline
Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA ... ketoacidosis Renal ... acids in advanced renal ... Metabolic #Acidosis #HAGMA
Normal Anion-Gap Acidosis (NAGMA) - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Workup

NAGMA
- Chem, ABG or VBG
- Calculate Anion
and Workup NAGMA ... in the urine - Renal ... Renal Loss of HCO3 ... - Renal insufficiency ... Hypoaldosteronism - Renal
Urine Anion Gap in NAGMA
NA + K - Cl = surrogate for Urine NH4+
NH4+ is excreted
Urine Anion Gap in NAGMA ... RTA (nb ↑K) - Renal ... Urine #AnionGap #NAGMA
Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
Addison's Disease - Damage of the adrenal glands with lack of cortisol, androgens and
Lung cancer • Renal ... vomiting • Fatigue Signs ... potassium • ↑ H+ (NAGMA ... Cortisol Deficiency: Signs ... Reduced libido • Signs
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm
Decreased renal potassium excretion
 • Acute renal failure
 • Chronic renal failure
 • Drugs
Increased
algorithm Decreased renal ... excretion • Acute renal ... failure • Chronic renal ... • Congenital adrenal ... high: • Post-renal
Cirrhosis - Illustrated signs and symptoms:
Integumentary, neurologic, gastrointestinal, portal hypertension effects, hematologic, renal, metabolic, cardiovascular, reproductive

#Diagnosis
- Illustrated signs ... , hematologic, renal ... Diagnosis #Cirrhosis #Signs
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup

Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration.
Step 2.  Check plasma osmolality.
NORMAL PLASMA
HYPOVOLEMIC • extra-renal ... - fevers • renal ... hypothyroidism • adrenal ... nephrotic syndrome • renal
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Differential Diagnosis and Screening Testing
Common causes: 
 • Renal parenchymal disease
Common causes: • Renal ... parenchymal disease - Renal ... evaluate cause of renal ... Renovascular disease - Renal ... Bilateral selective renal
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ADH Independent:
 • Tea and Toast Syndrome, Beer Potomania - Low solute
Renal Failure ... Hypovolemic - GI losses, renal ... Hypothyroidism, adrenal
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
urinary sediment, renal ... clinical context and signs ... HIV serology, renal ... eosinophiluria, renal ... markers • Cardio-renal