311 results
Causes of False Elevation and Reduction in HbA1c

== False Elevation ==
Decreased RBC turnover 
• Iron, B-12,
and Reduction in HbA1c ... Elevation == Decreased ... Elevation #Reduction #HbA1c ... #Increase #Decrease ... #Diagnosis #DM2
Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure
Pathophysiology:
Chronic heart failure leads to an increase in inflammatory cytokines → Inflammation
Heart Failure Pathophysiology ... ferroportin → Decreased ... and iron release Diagnosis ... #heartfailure #diagnosis ... #management #cardiology
Diastolic Dysfunction Grading - Echocardiography
Grade 0  (Normal):
 • E/A >0.8, e’ > 8 cm/s, E/e’
Impaired Relaxation & Decreased ... Compliance • Mild Decrease ... Filling • Moderate Decrease ... echocardiogram #grades #diagnosis ... #cardiology #POCUS
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

 • Negative feedback on hypothalamus/pituitary, Decreasing ACTH -> Decr Sex
Factors (GF's) • Decrease ... Osteocytes • Increase ... Bone Resorption, Decreased ... #Osteoporosis #pathophysiology ... signs #symptoms #diagnosis
R Wave Progression - normal chest lead ECG shows an rS-type complex in lead V1 with
with a steady increase ... left chest and a decrease ... #Diagnosis #Cardiology
Auto-PEEP 
What is Auto-PEEP?
 • Progressive air trapping & dynamic hyperinflation → ↑Palv at end expiration
barotrauma and decreased ... I:E ratio, decrease ... RR) • Decrease ... PEEP #pulmonary #diagnosis ... #management #criticalcare
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: Heart Murmur
 • Occurs during systole 
 • Crescendo-decrescendo murmur
 • Heard best
mitral areas • Increase ... dehydration) • Decrease ... Murmur #Cardiac #Cardiology ... #Diagnosis #HOCM
Tetralogy of Fallot Summary
 • Anatomy
 • Incidence
 • Pathophysiology
 • Presentation
 • Common Variants
 •
• Incidence • Pathophysiology ... palliation • Post-Op Management ... Tetralogy #Fallot #diagnosis ... #management #cardiology
Aortic Stenosis & Bicuspid Aortic Valve (AS)
 • Introduction & Pathophysiology
 • Classifications
 • Epidemiology
 •
Introduction & Pathophysiology ... • Radiologic/Diagnostic ... Pre-operative Management ... Post-operative Management ... #AorticValve #cardiology
Atrioventricular Septal Defect
aka AV canal defect aka endocardial cushion defect
 • Epidemiology and Associations
 • Embryology
Physical Exam • Pathophysiology ... Post-Operative ICU Management ... endocardial #cushion #diagnosis ... #management #peds ... #pediatrics #cardiology