14 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... Immobilization Hypercalcemia ... #Causes #differential ... #high #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia Workup and Differential Diagnosis Framework
1) Determine whether PTH-dependent
2) Assess for other hormonal causes
3) Assess for
Hypercalcemia Workup ... uw_IMresidency #Hypercalcemia ... #Workup #Differential ... Diagnosis #algorithm #endocrinology ... #calcium
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - ... Elevated PTH (High ... Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia ... Thiazides/Lithium #Hypercalcemia ... #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia Evaluation
1) Clinical clues
 - Is the patient symptomatic?
 - Family history?
 - Have you done
Hypercalcemia Evaluation ... PTH - Frankly high ... BrighamChiefs #Hypercalcemia ... #workup #differential ... #calcium #elevated
Potassium-Binding Agents to Treat Hyperkalemia
Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (Lokelma):
 • Mechanism: Preferentially captures K in exchange for
Agents to Treat Hyperkalemia ... magnesium, and calcium ... patients sensitive to high ... Potassium #Binding #Hyperkalemia ... #pharmacology #table
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
abnormalities - Hypercalcemia ... Hypomagnesemia #Differential ... Low #Magnesium #Table ... #Classification ... #Causes #Workup
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
• LDH ↑ • Hyperkalemia ... /Late - Hypercalcemia ... UA positive for blood ... potassium and calcium ... Dialysis for severe hyperkalemia
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
Hypertension - Workup ... and Differential ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic ... Hyperthyroidism, Hypercalcemia ... #causes #Differential
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
Can give with blood ... Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... shift • Saline Causes ... densa receives high ... • Saline May Cause
Digoxin Pharmacology and Pathophysiology
1) Na/K ATPase Pump - Digoxin works by directly binding to and inhibiting
Pump - Digoxin works ... causes: - Increased ... - Hyperkalemia ( ... high potassium levels ... Because digoxin binds