890 results
Thiazide induced Hyponatremia - Pathophysiology
 • Reduced distal delivery
 • Inhibition of the NCC (dilution capcity)-
Hyponatremia - Pathophysiology ... increased - ADH independent ... #Hyponatremia #Pathophysiology
Humoral Immunity - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Antigens (Ag) are produced from pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
tissue • T cell-dependent ... cells • T cell-independent ... Humoral #Immunity #pathophysiology
Hyponatremia Algorithm - ADH Dependent vs Independent
#Diagnosis #Nephro #Hyponatremia #ADHIndependent #Differential #Algorithm
Algorithm - ADH Dependent ... vs Independent
Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome) - Simplified Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Exogenous (ACTH-independent)
Endogenous
 • ACTH-dependent:
    - ACTH-secreting
Exogenous (ACTH-independent ... Endogenous • ACTH-dependent ... the body • ACTH-independent
Hyponatremia Diagnosis Algorithm
UOsm ≥ POsm - Vasopressin-Dependent
 • UNa < 20 mEq/L - Appropriate (↓ EABV)
- Vasopressin-Dependent ... - Vasopressin-independent
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ADH Independent:
 • Tea and Toast Syndrome, Beer Potomania - Low solute
Algorithm ADH Independent ... ADH Dependent:
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Management PTH Independent ... Denosumab PTH Dependent
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Parathyroid hormone–dependent ... Parathyroid hormone–independent ... hormone–related protein dependent
Benign Adrenal Mass - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hyperplasia - Often Bilateral
 • Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
 • ACTH
Hyperplasia • ACTH Dependent ... • ACTH Independent
Causes of Adrenal Insufficiency - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ACTH-Dependent (Secondary):
 • Pituitary Dysfunction
 • Hypothalamic Dysfunction
ACTH-Independent (Primary):
Algorithm ACTH-Dependent ... Dysfunction ACTH-Independent