236 results
Causes of False Elevation and Reduction in HbA1c

== False Elevation ==
Decreased RBC turnover 
• Iron, B-12,
Elevation == Decreased ... Asplenia Laboratory Interference ... Reduction == Increase ... HgbA1c #Laboratory #Increase ... #Decrease #Diagnosis
Diastolic Dysfunction Grading - Echocardiography
Grade 0  (Normal):
 • E/A >0.8, e’ > 8 cm/s, E/e’
Impaired Relaxation & Decreased ... Compliance • Mild Decrease ... Filling • Moderate Decrease ... enlargement • Severe Decrease ... grades #diagnosis #cardiology
R Wave Progression - normal chest lead ECG shows an rS-type complex in lead V1 with
with a steady increase ... left chest and a decrease ... #Diagnosis #Cardiology
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: Heart Murmur
 • Occurs during systole 
 • Crescendo-decrescendo murmur
 • Heard best
mitral areas • Increase ... dehydration) • Decrease ... Murmur #Cardiac #Cardiology
Digoxin effect on Electrocardiogram (EKG)
Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside from the foxglove leaf
Mechanism
 - Inhibits Na-K
Na-K ATPase -> increase ... extracellular K -> increase ... intracellular Ca -> increase ... contractility - Decreases ... Electrocardiogram #EKG #Cardiology
Iron Deficiency in Heart Failure
Pathophysiology:
Chronic heart failure leads to an increase in inflammatory cytokines → Inflammation
failure leads to an increase ... ferroportin → Decreased ... ferroportin leads to decreased ... symptoms and QOL and decreased ... diagnosis #management #cardiology
Calcium Channel Blockers - Dihydropyridines vs Non-Dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines (amlodipine, felodipine, nifedipine, nicardipine)
 • SVR: Decrease
 • Inotropy:
nicardipine) • SVR: Decrease ... verapamil) • SVR: Decrease ... • Inotropy: Decrease ... comparison #table #cardiology
Echocardiographic Findings of Acute Right Ventricular Strain
 - Increased RV:LV Size Ratio
 - Abnormal Septal Motion
Systolic Pressure - Decreased ... TAPSE - Decreased ... Speckle Tracking: Decreased ... #Ventricular #cardiology
Kussmaul's Sign - Differential Diagnosis

Typically the JVP decreases with inspiration as the negative intrathoracic pressure "sucks
Typically the JVP decreases ... there is a lack of decrease ... or increase in ... physicalexam #diagnosis #cardiology
Reported Mechanisms and Toxicity of Investigational Treatments for SARS-COV-2
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine
 • Mechanisms: Interference with ligand
• Mechanisms: Interference ... ligand binding, interference ... into cytosol, decreased ... • Mechanism: Interference