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diagnosis nephrology causes potassium hypokalemia algorithm low management classification diuresis diuretics elevation encephalopathy excretion gitelman lactate lactic medications neurology pathophysiology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Low intake • Metabolic ... acidosis: Gl tract ... acidosis: Proximal ... • HTN, High Aldosterone
Causes of HyperKalemia - Differential Diagnosis Increased extracellular K+: • Tissue injury • Hemolysis • Rhabdomyolysis •
Causes of HyperKalemia ... - Differential ... • Tumor lysis syndrome ... • Metabolic acidosis ... glycosides • High
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... infusions) - Metabolic ... acidosis - Hyperkalemia ... Hypoaldosteronism • Acquired
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... infusions) - Metabolic ... acidosis - Hyperkalemia ... Hypoaldosteronism • Acquired
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
urinary losses: • High ... Pressure: - Metabolic ... Hippurate - Metabolic ... acidosis: Proximal ... diagnosis #Algorithm #differential
Causes of Lactate Elevation, Lactic Acidosis - Differential Diagnosis The most common causes of hyperlactatemia are usually:
- Differential ... impairment of cellular metabolism ... sweat) - its metabolism ... ->treatments include ... - Compartment syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
hypomagnesemia • Metabolic ... Hypochloremic metabolic ... ratio 0.5%) Differential ... Renal tubular acidosis ... Rhabdomyolysis Treatment
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
resistance • Metabolic ... Loop Diuretics; High-Ceiling ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... • Hypovolemic shock ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by: • Headache • Seizures • Altered mental
Infection/Sepsis/Shock ... Blood transfusion, Hypercalcemia ... Reversible course Differential ... Drug toxicity, Metabolic ... epilepticus Treatment
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