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diagnosis differential management causes hypernatremia neurology sodium aki barre diuresis diuretics encephalopathy excretion guillain guillainbarre injury k kidney medications pharmacology
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration. Step 2. Check plasma osmolality. NORMAL PLASMA
and Workup Step ... Assess volume status ... • nephrotic syndrome ... #Diagnosis #Workup ... #Algorithm #Nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Differential Diagnosis Workup ... Algorithm 1) ... mechanism 2) Volume Status ... , Cushing syndrome ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... renal failure Hypervolemia ... #Causes #nephrology
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) - Differential Diagnosis Framework Pre-Renal: • Hypovolemia, Cardiorenal, Distributive Shock, HRS, Hypercalcemia, Renal
Distributive Shock, HRS, Hypercalcemia ... Abdominal Compartment Syndrome ... Other • ATN: Ischemia ... Differential #Diagnosis #nephrology ... #causes #algorithm
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
attention to volume status ... 3 questions to work ... Assess volume status ... demyelination syndrome ... #management #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
- Compartment syndrome ... Toxins - Drugs - Statins ... Hyperuricemia • Hyponatremia ... perfusion → renal ischemia ... #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
/crush injury, ischemia ... reabsorption) Workup ... Optimize volume status ... ileus/obstruction (ischemia ... #potassium #nephrology
Guillain-Barre Syndrome - Summary Acute AIDP that presents with rapidly progressive flaccid weakness Epidemiology: • 1-2 cases/100,000 per
- Summary Acute ... • Weakness: Starts ... /constipation, hyponatremia ... variants: (1) acute ... #neurology
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) Overview Clinico-Radiological Syndrome, characterized by: • Headache • Seizures • Altered mental
Blood transfusion, Hypercalcemia ... Neurological symptoms: Acute ... , ADEM, Acute toxic ... epilepticus Treatment ... underlying cause • Treatment
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Torsemide) • Acute ... • Hyponatremia ... • Hypercalcemia ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology
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