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differential causes treatment algorithm renal neurology syndrome hypokalemia table hyperkalemia medications rheumatology acidosis low kidney occlusion pathophysiology rta aki blood
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings Mild Non-proliferative DR • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
re-vascularize the ischemic ... ischemia -> Venous ... ischemia causes ... Retinopathy #Diabetes #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #complications
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm Decreased renal potassium excretion • Acute renal failure • Chronic renal failure • Drugs Increased
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic ... potassium excretion ... Drugs Increased potassium ... #Hyperkalemia #Diagnosis ... #algorithm #nephrology
Vision Loss - Differential Diagnosis Chronic: - Cornea: Scarring, Edema - Lens: Cataracts
- Differential Diagnosis ... degeneration - Retina ... Vein Occlusion, Ischemic ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #causes #ophthalmology
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: Pathogenesis and clinical findings • Inflammatory Disease: (i.e. GCA, SLE, GPA) ->
Central Retinal ... edema caused by ischemia ... axons death due to ischemia ... pathophysiology #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #signs
Checklist Approach to Hypokalemia Consider risk factors for arrhythmia: - EKG changes (especially QT prolongation) - Digoxin
- Myocardial ischemia ... 3.5 - Severe renal ... monitoring depend on renal ... monitoring depend on renal ... #Hypokalemia #Management
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options Stabilize cardiac membrane: • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes) Decrease potassium concentration: • IV Fluids Shift
minutes) Decrease potassium ... Fluids Shift potassium ... (if preserved renal ... #Hyperkalemia #management ... #potassium #nephrology
Isocoria - Pupillary Defects - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Relative Afferent Pupil Defect • Optic Neuritis • Ischemic
- Differential Diagnosis ... Optic Neuritis • Ischemic ... Nerve Tumor • Retinal ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... Algorithm #Causes #Ophthalmology
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) Clinical: • Sudden, painless, complete loss of vision • Pale retina
Central Retinal ... vision • Pale retina ... spot on fovea Management ... • Immediate ophthalmology ... Occlusion #CRAO #Diagnosis
ACEI Antihypertensive Dose Comparison. Consider divided (BID) regimen for better pre-dose (trough) BP control for the
Monitor BP, potassium ... , and renal function ... Dosing #Conversion #Pharmacology ... #Hypertension #Management
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) vs Central Retinal Vein Occlusion (CRVO) - A Comparison Table Clinical Features,
Central Retinal ... CRAO) vs Central Retinal ... Features, Etiology, Diagnosis ... #CRAO #CRVO #Ophthalmology ... #Diagnosis #Management
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