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diagnosis nephrology differential algorithm hypokalemia causes adies alkalosis chloride comatose framework gitelman hypophosphatemia management metabolic ophthalmology pathophysiology phosphate pupil syndrome
Algorithm for patients with hypokalemia on the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ratio in the urine Urine K+
the basis of the potassium-to-creatinine ... Renin secreting tumor ... Liddle syndrome Low-normal ... • Distal RTA Low-normal ... #potassium #differential
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypertensive: • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism • High Al, High
Renin-secreting tumor ... Hyperplasia • Normal ... Al, Normal R - ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #causes #low #potassium
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
A urine K/Cr ratio ... • Diarrhea A urine ... Renin secreting tumor ... /Normal Blood Pressure ... #nephrology #low
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Extra-renal Losses: • Normal ... Acid-Base: Low ... Renin secreting tumor ... Algorithm #causes #potassium ... #low #nephrology
Adie's Pupil What? Unknown nature & benign • Regular and mildly dilated pupil (4-6mm); • Light-near dissociaton;
reexposed to light; • Normal ... Ill Palsy - abnormal ... trauma/orbital tumor ... #Adies #Pupil #PhysicalExam ... #neurology #ophthalmology
Workup for Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework Rule out spurious hypophosphatemia: paraproteinemia, acute leukemia Measure Urine Fractional Excretion
leukemia Measure Urine ... bone syndrome, Tumor ... Renal Losses: • Normal ... Estrogen based Rx • Normal ... ADHR, XLHR - Normal
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal ... /low blood pressure ... mineralocorticoid-like effect Normal ... salicylate poisoning Normal ... In a normal gap
The Neurological Evaluation of a Comatose Patient Definition: • Coma: a state of unresponsiveness; the absence of
• Vestibulo-ocular ... etiology of coma Abnormal ... movements; also normal ... flexion withdrawal, abnormal ... decortication), abnormal
Gitelman Syndrome Overview What? • Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter • Gitelman's syndrome
Metabolic alkalosis • Normal ... or low blood pressure ... Hypokalemia (renal potassium ... Hypocalciuria (spot urine ... Supplement: • Potassium
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