10 results
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Algorithm Increased ... Transcellular Shift Into Cells ... imports K+ into cells ... #potassium #low ... #pathophysiology
Causes of Anemia with elevated Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Normal Blood Smear
 •
- Differential Diagnosis ... Algorithm Normal ... Macrocytosis, Target Cells ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Algorithm #Causes
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
demands Hypoxemia - low ... ANEMIC HYPOXIA ... HYPOXIA - Cells ... #differential #diagnosis ... #causes #pathophysiology
Lymphomas and Lymphoproliferative Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hodgkin Lymphoma ~40% - Characteristic For Reed-Sternberg (RS) Cells
Algorithm Hodgkin ... Reed-Sternberg (RS) Cells ... Lymphocyte - 5% RS cells ... (LP) tumour B cells ... Classification #pathophysiology
Approach to Hypomagnesemia 

Fractional excretion of magnesium = (urine magnesium x serum creatinine)/ [0.7 (serum magnesium
magnesium into cells ... Hypomagnesemia #algorithm ... #differential #diagnosis ... #causes #nephrology ... #magnesium #low
Refeeding Syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Patients at Risk of Refeeding Syndrome:
 - Little or no nutritional
weight loss - Low ... PO4 and Mg into cells ... hemolysis - anemia ... Refeeding #Syndrome #diagnosis ... #pathophysiology
Hypochloremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Cause - Decreased Intake:
 • Low salt in diet
 • Exclusive D5W
Algorithm Cause ... Decreased Intake: • Low ... smooth muscle cells ... #Algorithm #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology #Chloride
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND)

Definition:
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive disorders categories:
• Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment
• Mild neurocognitive impairment
• HIV dementia

Pathophysiology:
HIV frequently
HIV dementia Pathophysiology ... invades mononuclear cells ... CNS ○ Infected cells ... ARVs can have low ... Diagnosis: MRI
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
apical membrane of cells ... alkalosis • Normal or low ... Gitelman #Syndrome #diagnosis ... #nephrology #management ... #pathophysiology
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)

High mortality without prompt recognition and management. HLH is a critical diagnostic consideration in
- Cytopenias (anemia ... Pathophysiology ... function of NK cells ... and CD8+ T cells ... Low/absent NK-cell