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differential workup algorithm management anesthesia anesthesiology hematuria microscopy acute aki urology alkalosis anaphylaxis atlas chloride crystals dipstick examination glomerular glucosuria
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings • Epithelial cells - Normal • Renal tubular cells - Acute
glomerular disease • Leukocytes ... • White cell casts ... infection • Hyaline casts ... disease • Granular casts ... #nephrology #casts
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
Urinary Casts and ... and concentrated urine ... breakdown of cellular casts ... heme-granular casts ... #Casts #Differential
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
• Ketones • Leukocyte ... • Urinary casts ... : • White blood ... dipstick #nitrite #leucocyte-esterase ... #urine #UNa #casts
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
• 1ml blood/liter ... clots ➔ Lower Urinary ... hematuria: - RBC casts ... #nephrology #renal ... #urine #blood
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis ... proteinuria, RBC casts ... → Refer to Nephrology ... if cause not identified ... Workup #urology #blood
Simplified Approach to Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) 1) IS THIS AN EMERGENCY? Is there a dialysis indication
circulating volume, Urinary ... PROBLEM ~80% of AKI cases ... IMPROVEMENT If the urine ... for WBCs, RBCs, casts ... #nephrology
Intraoperative Sepsis - Guidelines for Crises in Anaesthesia Severe sepsis (hypotension persisting after initial fluid challenge of
Intraoperative Sepsis ... D). ❿ Insert urinary ... record hourly urine ... surgical site, urine ... #Checklist #Diagnosis
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
and Differential Diagnosis ... Investigations: full blood ... microscopy / urinary ... osmolarity If cause ... #nephrology #causes
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
A urine K/Cr ratio ... • Diarrhea A urine ... mEq/g suggests urinary ... #Hypokalemia #diagnosis ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Urine Microscopy - Urinary Sediment Examination Instructions Preparation of the urine for microscopic examination: • Clean catch
presence of protein, blood ... or leukocyte esterase ... up by cells or casts ... protein matrix of casts ... Instructions #steps #checklist
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