46 results
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium 
Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
Urinalysis & Urine ... • Ketones • Leukocyte ... • Urinary casts ... dipstick #nitrite #leucocyte-esterase ... #urine #UNa #casts
Purple Urine Bag Syndrome
Chronic, indwelling catheter + bacteriuria (Providencia, Klebsiella, E.coli*) + alkaline urine
Tryptophan → Indoxyl
Purple Urine Bag ... E.coli*) + alkaline urine ... BrighamChiefs #Purple #Urine ... Syndrome #PUBS #pathophysiology ... #clinical #photo
Lower Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

- Predisposing Factors:  Immunocompromised state, diabetes, elderly, female
urethra), stagnant urine ... systems, or stagnant urine ... Tenderness - Urine ... (+) Nitrites, Leukocyte ... UrinaryTractInfection #LUTI #Pathophysiology
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
Atlas of Urine Microscopy ... also be seen if urine ... glomerular disease • Leukocytes ... • White cell casts ... contamination #Urine
Blood Product Transfusions One Pager Summary
Type and screen - determines blood type and detects in recipient
Types: • Leukocyte ... flank pain, dark urine ... proteins on plts, leukocytes ... Causes purpura & ... TRALI): Leading cause
“Step by Step” – the new kid on the block – aims to risk stratify this
group as well as predict ... >21 days - No leukocytes ... in urine - Procalcitonin
Gout: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 - Conditions of rapid cell turnover: hemolysis, psoriasis, lymphoproliferative disorders
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for excretion in urine ... cascade results in leukocyte ... Hyperuricemia #Pathophysiology
Type III Hypersensitivity: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Definition: Small antigen-antibody complexes (produced from normal immune response to
antigen-antibody complexes (produced ... self-antigens are the cause ... antigens are the cause ... Allergy #Immunology #pathophysiology
Uric Acid Homeostasis
In the liver, purines are metabolized to uric acid. The last step in purine
The last step in purine ... daily uric acid produced ... daily uric acid produced ... Homeostasis #Gout #Pathophysiology
SGLT2 Inhibitors 
SGLT2 inhibitors are the newest class of anti-diabetic medications, with the first one (Canagliflozin)
kidney), which causes ... glucose in the urine ... excretion in the urine ... available as a combo product