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differential sodium causes hypokalemia hypernatremia potassium table diuretics excretion gitelman hypotonic k medications pathophysiology pharmacology physiologic posterior pres renal reversible
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Workup Algorithm ... renal mechanism 2) ... • Euvolemic (Low ... #Workup #Algorithm ... #nephrology #sodium
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration. Step 2. Check plasma osmolality. NORMAL PLASMA
Hypernatremia Diagnosis ... Step 2. ... • nephrotic syndrome ... #Diagnosis #Workup ... #Algorithm #Nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
Diagnosis Algorithm ... Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 ... • Refeeding syndrome ... • Discontinued diuretic ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
normal volume-based algorithm ... : Hypovolemia, Hypervolemia ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... #differential #diagnosis ... table #sodium #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
• Diagnosis of ... irrigation • Management ... • Hypercalcemia ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP Hypotonic Hyponatremia: • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
• Hypovolemia: Diuretics ... polydipsia • Hypervolemia ... #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology #sodium ... #low
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
- Differential Diagnosis ... Tachycardia - N/V - Abdominal ... Hyperuricemia • Hyponatremia ... Loop diuretics for ... #treatment #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis ... reabsorption) Workup ... : • Calcium 2- ... #Diagnosis #Management ... #nephrology #K
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Decreased intake (rare cause in isolation) GI loss - Urine loss
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Algorithm Decreased ... Insulin • Beta-2 ... #Nephrology #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis ... 3 questions to work ... 2) Is ADH elevated ... #Treatment #management ... #nephrology #sodium
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