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diagnosis nephrology differential management potassium hypokalemia algorithm high low rhabdomyolysis diuretics encephalopathy excretion gitelman hematology k leukostasis lysis medications pathophysiology
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... plasma insulin (treatment ... exercise, Heat stroke ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Proximal and distal RTA ... Loop and thiazide diuretics ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... potassium #low #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
wasting from other causes ... suggests extra-renal causes ... Alkalosis: Emesis, Diuretics ... , Distal RTA, DKA ... differential #potassium #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Kidney stones caused ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Weakness, cramping, nausea ... Renin/Aldosterone, RTA ... only if no clear cause ... Calcium 2-3g IV Ca-gluconate ... #potassium #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Management Summary Causes ... Heat injury, Heat stroke ... Loop diuretics for ... Diagnosis #Management #causes ... #treatment #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
• K sparing diuretics ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... SLE • Type IV RTA ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... potassium #high #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary Trauma: • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury Exertional: •
Heat iniury, Heat stroke ... Loop diuretics for ... Dialysis for severe hyperkalemia ... Management #Summary #causes ... #treatment
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome Leukostasis: • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
high WBC count cause ... • Triggers: Diuretics ... visual changes, stroke ... organ damage • Treatment ... hydration - Hyperkalemia
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework PseudoHyperkalemia: • Lab error • Traumatic venipuncture • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis •
• K sparing diuretics ... - Tumor lysis syndrome ... SLE • Type IV RTA ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... potassium #high #nephrology
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