13 results
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... • Osmotic diuresis ... insipidus • Nephrogenic ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology #sodium
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Differential Diagnosis Workup ... • Hypovolemic: Diuretics ... osmotic (solute) diuresis ... insipidus (central or nephrogenic ... Algorithm #nephrology #sodium
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis and Treatment
Hypernatremia is almost always due to unreplaced water loss (free water
Hypernatremia - ... unavailable 2) Osmotic Diuresis ... Diabetes Insipidus: neurogenic ... , nephrogenic 4 ... management #nephrology #sodium
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
nephrotic syndrome • Hyponatremia ... Kidney stones caused ... Lithium-induced nephrogenic ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... and euvolemic hyponatremia
Oncologic Emergencies - Differential Diagnosis Framework

HEMATOLOGIC ONCOLOGIC EMERGENCIES:
Hyperviscosity Syndrome:
 • Spontaneous bleeding
 • Shortness of breath
Diagnosis Framework HEMATOLOGIC ... • Early death Neutropenic ... Constipation • Nausea ... coma SIADH: • Hyponatremia ... • Nausea, vomiting
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment
Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
usually caused by ... 3 questions to work ... Treatment: Treatment ... the underlying cause ... management #nephrology #sodium
Hypertonic Saline for Treatment of Hyponatremic Encephalopathy
1) 100 ml bolus of 3% NaCl over 10 min.
Hypertonic Saline for Treatment ... hours. 2) Serum sodium ... Increase in sodium ... of a free water diuresis ... management #protocol #hyponatremia
Management of Hyponatremia
Hypertonic Saline - Only indicated if patient has severe symptoms + Na < 125
Give
Management of Hyponatremia ... Failure - Add Diuretics ... Add Diuretics, Consider ... SIADH — look for cause ... #sodium
Summary of Oncologic Emergencies

Neutropenic fever:
- Fever + ANC < 500 → start cefepime ± vancomycin (if
Emergencies Neutropenic ... full infectious work-up ... syndrome): - Hematologic ... Treat underlying cause ... Adjuncts: loop diuretics
Malignant Hyperthermia Crisis - Guidelines for Crises in Anaesthesia
Unexplained increase in ETCO2 AND tachycardia AND increased
other, more common causes ... ❹ Call for MH treatment ... hyperventilate, sodium ... forced alkaline diuresis ... Diagnosis #Management #Workup