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diagnosis differential algorithm hyponatremia causes syndrome management table alkalosis barre cauda caudaequina chloride dermatomes diuresis excretion extremity gitelman guillain guillainbarre
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... • Osmotic diuresis ... insipidus • Nephrogenic ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology ... #sodium #high
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
• Euvolemic (Low ... • Hypovolemic: Diuretics ... osmotic (solute) diuresis ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium
True Hyponatremia Differential Algorithm Instead (or in addition) of volume status examination, check urine sodium and serum
low, uric acid ... high in hypovolemic ... high and uric acid ... low in euvolemic ... Algorithm #Diagnosis #Nephrology
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Utilizing Uric Acid ADH promotes Urea/uric acid excretion along with water
Hyponatremia Differential ... Uric Acid - Low ... Acid → SIADH - High ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium #low #uricacid
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L High
water loss, Serum Sodium ... >145 mmol/L High ... administration • Osmotic diuresis ... mannitol, glucosuria Low ... #Nephrology #Differential
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis and Treatment Hypernatremia is almost always due to unreplaced water loss (free water
urine osm (in DI; high ... unavailable 2) Osmotic Diuresis ... Diabetes Insipidus: neurogenic ... #management #nephrology ... #sodium
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
: SIADH, Renal Sodium ... can be high or ... low Uosm), Hypothyroidism ... Primary polydipsia), Low ... #nephrology
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants Hypotonic Hyponatremia: • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
Modified Hyponatremia ... , Medications (diuretics ... Primary polydipsia, Low ... Algorithm #diagnosis #sodium ... #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
; High-Ceiling Diuretics ... nephrotic syndrome • Hyponatremia ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... and euvolemic hyponatremia ... #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Lower Extremity Dermatomes and Myotomes Reflexes: • Knee - L2, L3, L4 • Ankle - S1
and Myotomes Reflexes ... Conditions: • Cauda Equina ... Syndrome - Low ... dysaesthesia, neurogenic ... Myotomes #diagnosis #neurology
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