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differential causes algorithm classification hyponatremia defects diabetes diuresis diuretics epithelial excretion heatstroke high hyperkalemia hypertension hypotonic indications inherited insipidus management
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Differential Diagnosis ... Workup Algorithm ... mOsm/kg - Implies renal ... mechanism 2) ... #nephrology #sodium
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration. Step 2. Check plasma osmolality. NORMAL PLASMA
Hypernatremia Diagnosis ... Repeat the sodium ... Step 2. ... #Diagnosis #Workup ... #Algorithm #Nephrology
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter Bartter
Inherited Defects in Kidney ... Epithelial Cells Renal ... of epithelial sodium ... #Nephrology #Diagnosis ... #Differential #Table
Etiologies of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis GI losses / Insensible losses Sodium Overload Transcellular Movement of Water Central Diabetes Insipidus
Etiologies of Hypernatremia ... - Differential Diagnosis ... Insensible losses Sodium ... sensitivity in kidneys ... #Table #Causes
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework Heat Cramps: • Muscle pain or spasm -
Heat Illnesses and ... Dehydration - Loss of sodium ... conditions - Neurogenic ... illness → Hypernatremia ... encephalopathy) 2.
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis by Mechanism Decr Blood Pressure (“Decr Effective Circulating Volume”) - Volume depletion
depletion - Heart ... exacerbation) - Drugs ... Suppressed - Advanced renal ... #Table #Causes ... #Sodium
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... nephrotic syndrome • Hyponatremia ... and euvolemic hyponatremia ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Medications #Table
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
Sodium loss (diuretics ... perfusion (Heart ... #differential #diagnosis ... #table #sodium ... #nephrology
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus: - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Central or neurogenic ... mutations in AQP-2 ... Acquired - Primary renal ... cell disease, Drugs ... - Psychogenic illness
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
- Differential Diagnosis ... - Toxins - Drugs ... Hyperuricemia • Hyponatremia ... nephrotoxicity to kidney ... causes #treatment #nephrology
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