14 results
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
alkalosis • Normal/low ... diuretic use, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrome ... the excretion of sodium ... #differential #diagnosis
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Differential Diagnosis ... • Euvolemic (Low ... , Cushing syndrome ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... Algorithm #nephrology #sodium
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm
Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
: Hypovolemia, Heart ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... Primary polydipsia, Low ... #Algorithm #diagnosis ... #sodium #nephrology
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells

Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter
Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter
Bartter
cell epithelial sodium ... of epithelial sodium ... renal tubular acidosis ... Kidney #Nephrology #Diagnosis ... #Differential #Table
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia
Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4
 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses
 •
Hypothyroidism, Low ... Urine Na < 20: Heart ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... #algorithm #diagnosis ... #sodium #low #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia
The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
can be high or low ... renal perfusion (Heart ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... #differential #diagnosis ... #table #sodium
Heat Illnesses and Heat Stroke - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Heat Cramps:
 • Muscle pain or spasm -
Diagnosis Framework ... Dehydration - Loss of sodium ... conditions - Neurogenic ... illness → Hypernatremia ... consciousness, Coma/seizure
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis by Mechanism
Decr Blood Pressure (“Decr Effective Circulating Volume”) 
 - Volume depletion
Diagnosis by Mechanism ... depletion - Heart ... - Cirrhosis Syndrome ... #Table #Causes ... #Sodium
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
thiazide-sensitive sodium ... alkalosis • Normal or low ... Renal tubular acidosis ... tachycardia • Seizures ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Diagnosis of ... • Hyponatremia ... • Nephrogenic ... and euvolemic hyponatremia ... #Medications #Table