162 results
Causes of Generalized Edema - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Overfill (Increased renal sodium retention, Urine Na > 40meq/L)
Causes of Generalized ... • Nephrotic Syndrome ... Increased Interstitial Oncotic ... Decreased Capillary Oncotic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... alkalosis, Ketonuria, Osmotic ... Stress, Drugs, Syndrome ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #nephrology
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... Diuretics • Osmotic ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology #sodium
Mechanisms of Lower Extremity Edema: #Diagnosis #Pathophys #EM #IM #Edema #Lower #LowerExtremity #Causes #Starling #Oncotic #Hydrostatic
LowerExtremity #Causes ... #Starling #Oncotic
Diarrhea - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Inflammatory
    - Invasive Infections
    - Non-Infections
Watery
Non-Infections Watery - Osmotic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Treatment Algorithm

IBS-Constipation:
 • Constipation: Osmotic laxatives
 • Abdominal pain: Antispasmodics

IBS-Diarrhea:
 • Diarrhea:
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ... Constipation: Osmotic ... Irritable #Bowel #Syndrome
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Low intake 
• poor oral intake 

Renal loss 
• Medication 
• Hypomagnesemia 
•
Hypomagnesemia • Osmotic ... • Gitelman's syndrome ... • Bartter's syndrome ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Pitting vs Non-Pitting Edema: Differential Diagnosis
For pitting edema: there's generally an issue with :
  ↑
pressure ↓ Plasma oncotic ... edema is usually caused ... Differential #Diagnosis #causes
Nephron Pathophysiology - Diuretic Sites of Action
Diuretics
1) Acetazolamide/canagliflozin
2) Osmotic agents (mannitol, urearetics)
3) Loop agents (eg, furosemide)
4)
canagliflozin 2) Osmotic ... Sites #Action #nephrology
Causes of Pleural Effusion - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Transudate - Hydrostatic
 • Congestive heart failure
 • Constrictive
Causes of Pleural ... Superior vena cava syndrome ... Transudate - Oncotic ... • Nephrotic syndrome ... Algorithm #Hepatology #causes