37 results
Hypernatremia Classification and Features According to Volume Status
 - Hypervolemic hypernatremia - Cushing's syndrome, Primary hyperaldosteronism,
- Cushing's syndrome ... - Osmotic diuretic ... - Vomiting, Diarrhea ... Classification #Features #Diagnosis ... Comparison #Table #Nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... - Differential Diagnosis ... alkalosis, Ketonuria, Osmotic ... losses, Vomiting, Diarrhea ... #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Differential Diagnosis ... Workup Algorithm ... , osmotic (solute ... , Cushing syndrome ... #nephrology #sodium
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... - Differential Diagnosis ... • Osmotic diuresis ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Causes #nephrology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) Treatment Algorithm

IBS-Constipation:
 • Constipation: Osmotic laxatives
 • Abdominal pain: Antispasmodics

IBS-Diarrhea:
 • Diarrhea:
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ... (IBS) Treatment ... Constipation: Osmotic ... : • Diarrhea: ... #IBS #Treatment
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift
 • Recovery From DKA
 • Refeeding Syndrome
 • Acute Respiratory
- Differential Diagnosis ... Algorithm Transcellular ... • Refeeding Syndrome ... • Small bowel diarrhea ... • Osmotic Diuresis
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L
High
Algorithm Hypernatremia ... administration • Osmotic ... diuresis (see Polyuria ... loss • Watery Diarrhea ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
plasma insulin (treatment ... nasogastric suction, Diarrhea ... , Osmotic diuresis ... #differential #diagnosis ... #nephrology
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup

Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration.
Step 2.  Check plasma osmolality.
NORMAL PLASMA
Hypernatremia Diagnosis ... volume loss - diarrhea ... volume loss - diuretics ... • nephrotic syndrome ... #Algorithm #Nephrology
Hyponatremia Correction
1. Indications for Hypertonic Saline: seizure, coma, focal findings
   - typically occurs with
Hyponatremia Correction ... → Osmotic Demyelination ... Syndrome - ... 3cc/kg/h, loop diuretics ... rate #management #nephrology