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diagnosis differential algorithm hyponatremia hypokalemia potassium low renal rhabdomyolysis sodium syndrome acidosis aniongap associated casts classification crrt diuresis encephalopathy excretion
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
irrigation • Management ... stones caused by ... Tolvaptan) • Treatment ... #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Medications #Table
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status Hypervolemic hypernatremia - CHF
Cirrhosis - Nephrotic ... Acute and chronic kidney ... hyponatremia - Diuretics ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... losses, Diuretic ... failure Hypervolemia ... , UNa < 20 • Nephrotic ... #nephrology
Urinary Casts and Disease Associations Hyaline - May be nonspecific; seen in normal individuals or during severe
exercise or with diuretic ... broad - Advanced kidney ... , renal tuberculosis ... edgarvlermamd - Nephrology ... Microscopy #Diagnosis #Nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... plasma insulin (treatment ... or induced) #Hypokalemia ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
and Management ... Weakness, cramping, nausea ... only if no clear cause ... Elimination (see Table ... #nephrology #K
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options Stabilize cardiac membrane: • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes) Decrease potassium concentration: • IV Fluids Shift
Hyperkalemia Treatment ... (if preserved renal ... function) - Loop diuretic ... #management #potassium ... #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Summary Causes ... nephrotoxicity to kidney ... Loop diuretics for ... #causes #treatment ... #nephrology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... : Hypovolemia, Hypervolemia ... failure, Cirrhosis, Nephrotic ... differential #diagnosis #table ... #sodium #nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Hypokalemia ... Hyperkalemia ... Chronic progressive kidney ... Potassium-sparing diuretics ... #nephrology
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