2813 results
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypernatremia - Excess free water loss, Serum Sodium >145 mmol/L
High
Causes of Hypernatremia ... /L High Urine Osmolality ... glucosuria Low Urine Osmolality ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria - Urine Output > 3L/day, Increased Urine Volume (>2ml/min)
Osmotic
Causes of Polyuria ... Diuresis Urine Osmolality ... > Serum Osmolality ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Hyponatremia (<135 mEq/L) is a common electrolyte abnormality caused by an excess of total body water
electrolyte abnormality caused ... Measuring the serum osmolality ... among the possible causes ... lower than 80% in cases ... in blood urea causes
Hyponatremia - Diagnosis and Treatment
Hyponatremia is usually caused by the inability to excrete water normally.
Hyponatremia is usually caused ... vast majority of cases ... Calculate serum osmolality ... Measure urine osmolality ... the underlying cause
Management of SIADH
Treat underlying cause:
 • Causes can include pain, primary lung pathology, post-operative phenomenon, medications,
Treat underlying cause ... : • Causes can ... administered • Can cause ... Saline: • If Urine osmolality
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea (< 7 days)
Exclude:
1. Causes of acute diarrhea
2. Lactose intolerance
3.
Causes of acute ... electrolytes, osmolality
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
urea, uric acid, osmolarity ... If cause of AKI ... Diagnosis #nephrology #causes
Ketosis Disorders
Ketone bodies are a normal metabolic energy source. Excessive unregulated production of ketones, often accompanied
ketoacidosis (DKA) - caused ... increase in BG & osmolality ... Glucosuria causes
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
lactate 28 mEq/L • Osmolarity ... 154 mEq/L • Osmolarity ... shift • Saline Causes ... • Saline May Cause
Fluids, Electrolytes, Acid-Base
)
General Concepts
>
< Osmolality vs osmolarity
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Osmolality
[H 20)
Milliosmoles per kg of water. The osmolality is the
Concepts > < Osmolality ... vs osmolarity ... ★ Osmolality [ ... The osmolality is ... Osmolarity (mOsm