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diagnosis differential management nephrology causes algorithm hyperkalemia clinical hypokalemia pharmacology pathophysiology cardiology treatment orthopedics ekg medications msk table classification ecg
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve Left Shift - decreased unloading of O2 at tissue level (i.e. increased
Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation ... Curve Left Shift ... Hypophosphatæmia Right Shift ... cell anemia #Oxyhemoglobin ... #Left #Right #Shift
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
Transcellular Shift ... Transcellular shifts ... nephrology #low #potassium
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm • Increased Intake • Reduced Excretion (IV potassium with
Excretion (IV potassium ... Transcellular Shift
Hyperkalemia Treatment Options Stabilize cardiac membrane: • IV Calcium (peaks 5-10 minutes) Decrease potassium concentration: • IV Fluids Shift
minutes) Decrease potassium ... • IV Fluids Shift ... potassium intracellularly ... Sodium bicarbonate Potassium ... Hyperkalemia #management #potassium
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Increased Loss - Increased GI Loss - Increased Urinary
Transcellular Shift ... Algorithm #causes #potassium
Causes of Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia is caused by excess potassium intake, impaired potassium excretion, or transcellular shifts. The
caused by excess potassium ... intake, impaired potassium ... transcellular shifts ... adapt to excess potassium ... excretion, increased potassium
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 Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren) • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
• Increased EC shift ... #pharmacology #potassium
Hyperkalemia - Management Algorithm • IV calcium • IV insulin and glucose and/or salbutamolt • Consider
Dialysis Serum potassium ... blocks, QRS axis shift ... #hyperkalemia #potassium
Checklist Approach to Hypokalemia Consider risk factors for arrhythmia: - EKG changes (especially QT prolongation) - Digoxin
safely, whereas potassium ... Consider target potassium ... Enteral potassium ... function & estimated potassiurn ... Intravenous potassium
ECG Changes with Potassium Imbalance - Normokalemia - Hypokalemia - Hyperkalemia #Hypokalemia #Hyperkalemia #ECG #potassium #cardiology #ekg
ECG Changes with Potassium ... Hyperkalemia #ECG #potassium
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