229 results
Acid-Base Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Acidemia (pH < 7.35)
 • Metabolic Acidosis (HCO3 < 24mmol/L) CO2
Acid-Base Disorders ... HCO3 < 24mmol/L) CO2 ... Respiratory Acidosis (pCO2 ... Respiratory Alkalosis (pCO2 ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Hypoxia and Hypoxemia - Overview
Hypoxia - insufficient oxygen delivered to tissues to meet demands
Hypoxemia - low
stagnant hypoxia (e.g low ... cardiac output) - Low ... SvO2 → Low PaO2 ... → Low PaO2 CYTOPATHIC ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Approach to the A-a Gradient
A-a gradient = PAO2 - PaO2
A-a gradient = [FiO2 x (Patm -
A-a gradient = PAO2 ... Hypoventilation Syndrome ... flail chest) • Low ... , Low Fio2 A-a ... Hepatopulmonary Syndrome
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Losses: • Normal Acid-Base ... : Low intake • ... Ureterosigmoidoscopy • HTN, Low ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low
Hyperthermic Syndromes - This table summarizes the similarities and differences between some toxicologic causes of hyperthermic
Hyperthermic Syndromes ... - This table summarizes ... some toxicologic causes ... • Serotonin syndrome ... #Comparison #Table
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Acid Base Disorders ... 35-45 mmHg • PaO2 ... Metabolic: pH pCO2 ... D-lactate (short bowel syndrome ... ABG #bloodgas #Acid
Hypokalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypertensive:
 • High Al, Low R - Primary aldosteronism
 • High Al, High
Hypertensive: • High Al, Low ... , glycyrrhizic acid ... , Liddle's Syndrome ... Algorithm #nephrology #causes ... #low #potassium
Differentiation Between Nephrotic Syndrome and Nephritic Syndrome 
== Nephrotic Syndrome ==
Onset - Insidious 
Edema - ++++
Blood
pressure - Normal/low ... Red blood cell casts ... Serum albumin - Low ... Red blood cell casts ... Nephritic #Comparison #Table
Hyperuricemia: Pathogenesis and Complications

 - Hypercalcemia (due to diseases like Sarcoidosis and Hyperparathyroidism) -> Accumulation of
to filter uric acid ... Tubular Poisons (Low ... like lactic acid ... and keto-acids) ... Release of purine bases
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure - Differential Diagnosis Framework
DECREASED INSPIRED OXYGEN
 • Low PATM Can decrease first part
INSPIRED OXYGEN • Low ... HYPOVENTILATION • Rising PaCO2 ... gas equation • Causes ... obesity-hypoventilation syndrome ... hepatopulmonary syndrome