2015 results
Schizophrenia: Pathogenesis and Symptoms
Increased dopaminergic transmission in mesolimbic projection
-> Dopaminergic neurons here project into the limbic
Pathogenesis and Symptoms ... in mesolimbic projection ... in mesocortical projection ... decision-making, language production ... #signs #psychiatry
Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
• Primary Sjögren's is a solitary process whereas secondary Sjögren's
erythematosus (SLE) Signs ... / Symptoms: - ... Decreased tear production ... Pathophysiology #Diagnosis #Signs ... #Symptoms
Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

 • Negative feedback on hypothalamus/pituitary, Decreasing ACTH -> Decr Sex
Estrogen) • Inhibit production ... Osteoclasts • Inhibit production ... pathophysiology #signs ... #symptoms #diagnosis
Symptoms and Signs of Hypokalemia
Cardiovascular
 - Hypertension
 - Orthostatic hypotension
 - Potentiation of digitalis toxicity
 -
Symptoms and Signs ... Increased ammonia production ... #Hypokalemia #Symptoms ... #Signs #Diagnosis
Primary Hyperthyroidism - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Note: Although rare, gestational diseases can lead to thyrotoxicosis due
to excess TSH production ... Signs/Symptoms:
Venn Diagram - Does this patient have pneumonia?
Diagnosis is generally based on three lines of evidence:
- Pulmonary symptoms ... cough, sputum production ... chest pain) and signs
Osteoarthritis (OA): Clinical findings
 • Stimulation of joint nociceptors in subchondral bone -> Pain with loading
enzymes, joint fluid production ... pathophysiology #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms #complications
Xeropthalmia: Pathogenesis and Ocular Manifestations

Decr Visual pigment -> Keratinization, thickening & non-wetting of the conjunctiva
with reduced tear production ... ophthalmology #diagnosis #signs ... #symptoms
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Hormonal alterations (result of aging process)
    ->
AR -dependent production ... extracellular matrix production ... emptying - Voiding Symptoms ... Pathophysiology #Urology #Signs ... #Symptoms #Diagnosis
Pseudogout: pathogenesis and clinical findings
 - Idiopathic (vast majority of cases) -> Mechanism unknown
 - Familial
pyrophosphate production ... CPPD #Disease #Signs ... #Symptoms #Pathophysiology