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Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
Hematuria: 3 or more RBC ... hematuria • Signs ... hematuria: - RBC ... - Dysmorphic RBC ... causes #urology #nephrology
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
Urinalysis >3 RBCs ... (proteinuria, RBC ... casts, dysmorphic RBCs ... → Refer to Nephrology ... cystoscopy • Refer to Nephrology
Urine Microscopy and Casts - Image Atlas Key

- Squamous Epithelial Casts
- Transitional Epithelial Cells
- Renal Tubular
Hyaline Cast - WBCs ... - Monomorphic RBCs ... - Dysmorphic RBCs ... - WBC Cast - RBC
Causes of Anemia with Normal Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Decreased WBCs
 - Decreased/NormaI
Normal/lncreased WBCs ... Macrocytes, Normal RBCs ... Polychromatic Macrocytes, RBC ... Spherocytes, RBC ... ) - Abnormal RBCs
Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome

Step 1: If the patient has hematuria and/or proteinuria, think about nephrotic/nephritic syndromes.
Step
glomerular hematuria (RBC ... or dysmorphic RBCs ... Comparison #Algorithm #Nephrology
Overall Approach to Anemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Blood Loss
 • Acute Bleed - Normocytic / Normochromic
/ Normochromic RBCs ... TIBC, Hypochromic RBCs ... Decreased RBC ... Thalassemia • RBC ... Disorder • RBC
Pulmonary Ultrasound Signs

B Sign, B Line, Comets, A Lines, C Lines

#BSign #BLine #Comets #ALines #Clines #Pulmonary
Pulmonary Ultrasound Signs ... B Sign, B Line ... Lines, C Lines #BSign ... Lung #Ultrasound #Signs
POCUS Findings in Acute Pulmonary Embolism
- McConnell's Sign
- TAPSE
- D-Shaped Septum
- Abnormal RV:LV Ratio

#Pulmonary #Embolism #AcutePE
- McConnell's Sign ... Accuracy #POCUS #Signs ... #McConnells #Signs ... #DSign #Diagnosis
Pathophysiology of Hemolytic Anemia
 - Defects in RBC internal contents (thalassemia, hemoglobinopathies, and metabolic defects)
 -
- Defects in RBC ... - Defects in RBC ... Defects in the RBC's
The differential diagnosis for an elevated MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) includes:

Conditions with Abnormal RBCs:
 •
with Abnormal RBCs ... : • Abnormal RBC ... Xerocytosis • RBC