331 results
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Utilizing Uric Acid 
ADH promotes Urea/uric acid excretion along with water
Osmolarity 3) Urine Sodium ... Uric Acid → renal salt ... Algorithm #nephrology #sodium
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
insipidus Excessive salt ... Causes #nephrology #sodium
Cerebral Salt Wasting vs SIADH - Pathophysiology 
1) Neurological event
2) Sodium loss from tubules
3) Naturiesis →
Cerebral Salt Wasting ... Neurological event 2) Sodium
Ascites Management Principles
Low Salt Diet - 2000 Mg Sodium
Fluid Restriction - Never
Work-horse Diuretic - Aldosterone Antagonist
Combination
Principles Low Salt ... Diet - 2000 Mg Sodium
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia
Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4
 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses
 •
losses, Cerebral salt ... algorithm #diagnosis #sodium
Modified Hyponatremia Algorithm
Hypertonic Hyponatremia: Hyperglycemia, Mannitol, Urologic irrigants
Hypotonic Hyponatremia: 
 • ADH ON (UOsm > 100):
osmostat, Cerebral salt ... Algorithm #diagnosis #sodium
St Mark's Solution - Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS)
Great for oral rehydration in patients with high output
ml spoonful) of sodium ... ml spoonful) of sodium ... chloride (salt)
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis by Mechanism
Decr Blood Pressure (“Decr Effective Circulating Volume”) 
 - Volume depletion
- Cerebral salt ... Table #Causes #Sodium
Management of SIADH
Treat underlying cause:
 • Causes can include pain, primary lung pathology, post-operative phenomenon, medications,
maintain long-term Salt ... and frequency of salt ... promoting passive sodium
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology
Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
autosomal recessive salt-losing ... thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride