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neurology clinical diagnosis video physicalexam differential algorithm management causes syndrome ophthalmology pathophysiology sign reflex treatment microscopy pharmacology pediatrics ocular renal
Urine Osmolar Gap Calculation Urine Osmolar Gap represents ammonium salts = Measured Urine Osmolality - (2 x
Urine Osmolar Gap ... Calculation Urine ... represents ammonium salts ... = Measured Urine ... OsmolarGap #Diagnosis #Nephrology
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Utilizing Uric Acid ADH promotes Urea/uric acid excretion along with water
Osmolarity 2) Urine ... Osmolarity 3) Urine ... Uric Acid → renal salt ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses •
uric acid >4 • Urine ... Extra-renal losses • Urine ... losses, Cerebral salt ... uric acid >4 • Urine ... #sodium #low #nephrology
Cerebral Salt Wasting vs SIADH - Pathophysiology 1) Neurological event 2) Sodium loss from tubules 3) Naturiesis →
Cerebral Salt Wasting ... → Increased urine ... Pathophysiology #diagnosis #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Algorithm 1) Check Urine ... Hypervolemic (Excess salt ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
LiCl use The urine ... Urine chloride is ... settings, the urine ... potassium acid salts ... #Algorithm #nephrology
Causes of Nephrolithiasis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Radio-opaque - Calcium-containing - 90% of stones Radiolucent - Non-calcium 10%
Increased PTH • High salt ... solubility: • Low urine ... Nephrolithiasis #Nephrology
Management of SIADH Treat underlying cause: • Causes can include pain, primary lung pathology, post-operative phenomenon, medications,
maintain long-term Salt ... and frequency of salt ... Saline: • If Urine ... #hyponatremia #nephrology
SIADH Treatment Options 1. Treat underlying cause of SIADH: Pain, Primary lung pathology, Post-operative phenomenon, Medications, Basically
Salt tabs • Start ... and frequency of salt ... 0.9% NS • If Urine ... Hypotension, Increased urine ... #hyponatremia #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis and Treatment Hypernatremia is almost always due to unreplaced water loss (free water
history, exam, and urine ... DI; high dilute urine ... nephrogenic 4) ↑ Salt ... Intake: salt water ... Treatment #management #nephrology
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