12 results
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Cl intake, Diuretics ... -: Diuretics, Bartter ... Syndrome, Gitelman ... hyperaldosteronism • High PRA: Renal ... #Nephrology #Causes
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Loop and thiazide diuretics ... , Gitelman syndrom ... #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low ... #nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Overview

What?
• Inherited (AR) hypokalemic salt-losing tubulopathies affecting the thiazide-sensitive sodium chloride cotransporter
• Gitelman's syndrome
Gitelman Syndrome ... with thiazide diuretic ... (renal potassium ... Surreptitious diuretic ... #Syndrome #diagnosis
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Metabolic Alkalosis ... loop or thiazide diuretics ... /low blood pressure ... : Active diuretic ... , Gitelman syndrome
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
suggests extra-renal ... Alkalosis: Emesis ... , Diuretics, Bartter ... syndrome, Gitelman ... #nephrology #low
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Cl intake, Diuretics ... -: Diuretics, Bartter ... Syndrome, Gitelman ... hyperaldosteronism • High PRA: Renal ... #Nephrology #Causes
Gitelman Syndrome - Diagnosis and Workup
Blood Work:
 - Hypokalemia
 - Hypomagnesemia
 - Metabolic Alkalosis
 - Elevated
Gitelman Syndrome ... Blood Work: - Hypokalemia ... Alkalosis - Elevated ... Normotensive - No diuretic ... #Syndrome #Diagnosis
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
resistance • Metabolic ... alkalosis • Familial ... • Diagnosis of ... #Renal #Excretion ... #Diuresis #Nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia
I. Decreased intake
   A. Starvation
   B. Clay ingestion
II. Redistribution into
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Metabolic alkalosis ... Na• delivery: diuretics ... , osmotic diuresis ... #Low #Potassium
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis ... G-K), K-sparing diuretics ... improve GFR - Diuresis ... (IV loop diuretic ... - IV loop diuretic