38 results
Hypercalcemia - EKG Findings
Causes of Hypercalcemia 
• Malignancy 
• Milk-alkali syndrome 
• Vitamin D toxicity 
•
Hypercalcemia - ... EKG Findings Causes ... of Hypercalcemia ... Thiazide diuretics #Hypercalcemia ... #EKG #ECG #Electrocardiogram
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia - ... Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... Hypocalciuria Hypercalcemia ... Paget's Disease #Hypercalcemia ... #Algorithm #Endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism 
 • Possible Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia ... • Humoral Hypercalcemia ... Granulomatous Disorders (eg ... DTomacruzM #Hypercalcemia
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... Genetic disorders (e.g ... Jansen disease #Hypercalcemia ... #Endocrinology
BRASH Syndrome

B - Bradycardia
R - Renal failure
A - AV nodal blockade
S - Shock
H - Hyperkalemia

Typical ECG
S - Shock H - Hyperkalemia ... Typical ECG ... other findings of hyperkalemia ... Aggressive treatment of hyperkalemia ... #pathophysiology
Mechanisms of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia 
 • Direct renin inhibitor (Aliskiren)
 • Renin release inhibition (NSAIDs, Beta-Blockers)
of Drug-Induced Hyperkalemia ... shift of K (Succinylcholine ... MunerMohamed1 #hyperkalemia ... #differential #diagnosis ... #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Transcellular Shift ... - Refeeding Syndrome ... causes #potassium #low ... #pathophysiology
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High PTH
LOW PTH - Hypoparathyroid
 - Congenital (Pediatric)
Diagnosis Algorithm ... Vit-D degradation (eg ... hyperphosphatemia (eg ... Tumor lysis syndrome ... Algorithm #PTH #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
Diagnosis Algorithm ... D Deficiency (e.g ... Phenytoin, Nephrotic Syndrome ... Hypoparathyroidism (e.g ... Algorithm #Phosphate #endocrinology
Reflex Testing - Causes of Hyporeflexia and Hyperreflexia
Focal Hyporeflexia: 
 • Radiculopathy, Mononeuropathy, Polyneuropathy, Acute stroke,
Hyporeflexia: • Hypercalcemia ... polyneuropathy (e.g ... Guillain-Barré syndrome ... Hyperreflexia: • Hypocalcemia ... #differential #diagnosis