8 results
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
• 1ml blood/liter ... Postpartum • Drugs ... #urology #nephrology ... #renal #urine # ... blood
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis by Mechanism
Decr Blood Pressure (“Decr Effective Circulating Volume”) 
 - Volume depletion
Mechanism Decr Blood ... exacerbation) - Drugs ... Suppressed - Advanced renal ... Tea and toast” diet ... #Causes #Sodium
Urinalysis & Urine Sodium 
Theophilus Protospatharius, a seventh-century physician who wrote the first manuscript focused exclusively
Ketones • ... • Red blood cells ... : • White blood ... used with normal renal ... #hematuria
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
and necrosis in states ... shift • Saline Causes ... Decreased GFR, urine ... • Saline May Cause ... NS #comparison #pharmacology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
Management Summary Causes ... - Toxins - Drugs ... Weakness - Dark urine ... UA positive for blood ... #treatment #nephrology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
insipidus • Kidney stones ... caused by Ca2+ ... Prevention of blood ... #Pharmacology # ... Medications #Table
Hepatorenal Syndrome (HRS)

Definition:
• Functional, potentially reversible kidney impairment.
• Occurs in advanced liver disease: cirrhosis, severe alcoholic
perfusion + ↑ renal ... , no hematuria/proteinuria ... , or blood) ... • Urine sodium ... Syndrome #Hepatology #Nephrology
Vasculitis - Differential Diagnosis Framework

When to Consider Vasculitis:
• Purpura, ischemic skin lesions
• Mononeuritis multiplex
• Hematuria, proteinuria,
Mononeuritis multiplex • Hematuria ... pulmonary and renal ... atherosclerotic disease, drug ... pulses, bruits, or blood ... tract, and often causes