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diagnosis differential algorithm high hypokalemia potassium hypernatremia management medications table classification drugs gitelman hyponatremia metabolic pathophysiology pharmacology syndrome acidosis alkalosis
Drugs causing hyperkalemia • Impaired release of renin: NSAIDs, Beta blockers, Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, Diabetes, Elderly •
Drugs causing hyperkalemia ... Cyclosporine, tacrolimus, Diabetes ... Ketoconazole • Sodium ... Drospirenone #Drugs #hyperkalemia ... #medications #causes
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
metabolic acidosis • Diabetic ... the indicated causes ... settings, the urine sodium ... the excretion of sodium ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Etiologies of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis GI losses / Insensible losses Sodium Overload Transcellular Movement of Water Central Diabetes Insipidus
Insensible losses Sodium ... Water Central Diabetes ... disorders Nephrogenic Diabetes ... - Chronic hypokalemia ... Diagnosis #Table #Causes
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... diuresis • Central diabetes ... • Nephrogenic diabetes ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology #sodium
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
1.5 mEq/L • Chloride ... 154 mEq/L • Chloride ... Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... shift • Saline Causes ... • Saline May Cause
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis: Diabetic ... Hypokalemia ... Hyperkalemia ... loads (ammonium chloride ... #nephrology
Causes of HyperKalemia - Differential Diagnosis Increased extracellular K+: • Tissue injury • Hemolysis • Rhabdomyolysis •
Causes of HyperKalemia ... Succinylcholine • Diabetes ... blockers - MCW Nephrology ... MCW_Nephrology #HyperKalemia ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Defining the cause ... Ureterosigmoidostomy, Diabetic ... diagnosis #algorithm #causes ... #nephrology #potassium
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus: - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Classification of Diabetes ... uropathy, Metabolic causes ... (e.g., hypokalemia ... , hypercalcemia) ... Classification #Types #Nephrology
Gitelman Syndrome Pathophysiology Gitelman Syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive salt-losing tubulopathy with a prevalence of 1-
thiazide-sensitive sodium-chloride ... H+ secretion → Hypokalemia ... Pathophysiology #nephrology
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