10 results
Primary and Secondary Causes of Mitral Regurgitation
Primary (organic) chronic mitral regurgitation:
 • Leaflet: Rheumatic fever, Infective
), Spontaneous rupture ... infarction, Tendineae rupture ... Papillary muscle rupture ... #diagnosis #cardiology ... #causes #primary
Systolic Murmurs - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Benign / Flow / Hyperdynamic:
 • Pregnancy
 • Fever
 • Anemia
Supravalvular
Systolic Murmurs ... Chordae Tendinae • Rupture ... • Infarct • Rupture ... #Cardiology #Differential ... #causes
Causes of blood culture negative infective endocarditis

Bartonella spp, Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydia spp, Tropheryma whipplei,
culture negative ... identified with modern culture ... #differential # ... #culture #negative ... #CNIE #BCNIE #cardiology
My Patient with Infective Endocarditis (IE) Has Negative Blood Cultures
 - Did they receive antibiotics prior
with Infective Endocarditis ... therapy - Number one cause ... of culture negative ... #Diagnosis #Management ... #Algorithm
Endocarditis Algorithm - Infective vs Noninfective Causes
Noninfective:
 • Malignancy
 • Autoimmune disease
 • Systemic infection
Native Valve
Endocarditis Algorithm ... vs Noninfective Causes ... • HACEK • Culture-negative ... #Noninfective #Causes ... #Differential #
Endocarditis Summary

Who?
Infectious:
• Pre-existing valvular disease
• Prosthetic valve
• Congenital heart disease
• IV substance use
• IV catheter
• Recent
Culture (+): ... • Coagulase-negative ... staphylococci Culture ... • New cardiac murmur ... #cardiology
Endocarditis - Overview and Differential Diagnosis Framework

Who?
Infectious:
• Pre-existing valvular disease
• Prosthetic valve
• Congenital heart disease
• IV
and Differential ... Culture Positive ... staphylococci Culture ... • New cardiac murmur ... Diagnosis #cardiology
Causes of Primary and Functional Mitral Regurgitation (MR) 
Causes of primary mitral regurgitation
 - Rheumatic heart
Causes of Primary ... Infective/marantic endocarditis ... MV chordae may rupture ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #Cardiology
CNS Infections - Viral Encephalitis and Bacterial Meningitis - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Viral Encephalitis:
MCC: Enteroviruses (e.g., coxsackievirus
can present with primarily ... in 60%-90% • Culture ... in 70%-85% • Negative ... Monocytogenes or gram negative ... by CSF or urine culture
Peripartum Cardiomyopathy - Summary
1. Definition
 • Towards the end of pregnancy to 5 months postpartum
exclude other causes ... Differential Diagnosis ... heart disease • Myocardial ... recommend against future ... • During a future