55 results
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
signs, Fragile bones ... easily/weakness, Bone ... pain Psychiatric Symptoms ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
absorption ↑ bone ... Hypophosphatemia: ↑ bone ... Calcium #Phosphorus #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Stress Fracture: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Abnormal biomechanics, Repetitive impact activities
=> Repetitive subthreshold mechanical loading
=> Bone strain
=>
mechanical loading => Bone ... strain => Bone ... #orthopedics #pathophysiology ... #symptoms #signs
Diabetes Pathophysiology and Medication Targets

The ominous octet is one concept that summarizes the different pathophysiologic pathways
Diabetes Pathophysiology ... ominous octet is one ... the different pathophysiologic ... #Diabetes #Pathophysiology ... Targets #Drug #Endocrinology
Osteoporosis: Pathogenesis and risk factors

 • Age > 30 (post-peak bone mass)
 • Post-menopausal women ->
30 (post-peak bone ... Decr estrogen • Bone ... #Osteoporosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms
Osteoarthritis (OA): Clinical findings
 • Stimulation of joint nociceptors in subchondral bone -> Pain with loading
in subchondral bone ... architecture -> Palpable bony ... contact between bony ... Osteoarthritis #OA #pathophysiology ... diagnosis #signs #symptoms
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
Incr IGF1 • Bone ... lipolysis Signs/Symptoms ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Rachitic Rosary of Rickets on Physical Exam

Bead-like prominences of bone are seen at the costochondral joints.
prominences of bone ... Rosary #Rickets #PhysicalExam ... VitaminD #deficiency #endocrinology
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Mastoiditis: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Acute or Chronic Otitis Media -> 
Stage 1: Hyperemeia of the mastoid
3: Necrosis of bone ... mass over mastoid bone ... of the temporal bone ... inner cortical bone ... #signs #symptoms
Pott's Disease in Tuberculosis - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Epidemiology:
 - Typically from TB endemic areas
 -
Clinical Signs/Symptoms ... back pain - Symptoms ... decreased reflexes Pathophysiology ... of bacilli to bone ... CXR should be done