92 results
Parinaud's Syndrome
What?
 - Impaired upgaze
 - Light-near dissociation
 - Convergence retraction nystagmus
 - Eyelid retraction (Collier's
Parinaud's Syndrome ... retraction (Collier's sign ... Pineal region tumors ... → "setting sun sign ... diagnosis #pineal #neurology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
SAME, Cushing Syndrome ... Renin secreting tumor ... diuretics, Bartter syndrome ... , Gitelman syndrom ... potassium #low #nephrology
Important Causes of Diplopia 
TIER 1-CRITICAL
Basilar artery thrombosis, Botulism, Basilar meningitis, Aneurysmn
TIER 2-EMERGENT:
Vertebral dissection, Myasthenia gravis,
Diplopia TIER 1-CRITICAL ... , Orbital apex syndrome ... URGENT: Brainstem tumor ... Miller-Fisher syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #ophthalmology
Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Patients with Cancer 

Cancer Related 
• Hypercalcemia 
• Intravenous contrast 
•
nephropathy • Solid tumors ... Capillary leak syndrome ... Interleukin-2) • Tumor ... lysis syndrome ... Classification #Nephrology
Isocoria - Pupillary Defects - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Relative Afferent Pupil Defect
 • Optic Neuritis
 • Ischemic
• Optic Nerve Tumor ... Midbrain (Parinaud's Syndrome ... ): • Tumor • ... Algorithm #Causes #Ophthalmology
Retinoblastoma: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Sporadic mutation -> One allele of RB1 tumor suppressor gene
Pathogenesis and clinical ... allele of RB1 tumor ... allele of RB1 tumor ... pathophysiology #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #signs
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
Leukostasis vs Tumor ... WBC >100k, + lab signs ... /- rasburicase Tumor ... rate or large tumor ... #Leukostasis #Tumor
Horner's Syndrome: Loss of sympathetic nervous system input to (in this case) right eye. 
Note that
Horner's Syndrome ... case was due to tumor ... UCSD Catalog of Clinical ... Images #Clinical ... #Ophthalmology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting, NGT
, Gitelman Syndrome ... Renin-secreting tumor ... GRA, Cushing's syndrome ... , Liddle syndrome ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Parinaud's syndrome
What?
 • Light-near dissociation (tectal pupils)
 • Convergence retraction nystagmus
 • Eyelid retraction (Collier's sign)
Parinaud's syndrome ... retraction (Collier's sign ... Pineal region tumors ... "setting sun" sign ... #neurology #diagnosis