11 results
Localization of Renal Tubular Defects
Fanconi Syndrome: Proximal tubule
Bartter Syndrome: Thick ascending loop of Henle
Gitelman Syndrome: Distal
Proximal tubule Bartter ... tubule #Liddle ... #Bartter #Gitelman ... Nephron #Defects #Pathophysiology ... #Nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
acidosis: Proximal and ... Low Aldosterone: Liddle's ... thiazide diuretics, Bartter ... syndrome, Gitelman ... potassium #low #nephrology
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells

Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter
Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter
Bartter
acid transporter Bartter ... ascending limb Gitelman ... convoluted tubule Liddle ... open time and number ... Defects #Kidney #Nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
• Skin and/or ... • Diuretics, Bartter's ... syndrome, Gitelman's ... glycyrrhizic acid, Liddle's ... algorithm #causes #nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
as arrhythmias and ... mineralocorticoid excess, Liddle's ... Emesis, Diuretics, Bartter ... syndrome, Gitelman ... differential #potassium #nephrology
CPPD vs Gout

== CPPD == 

Think About CPPD When:
 • Self-limited synovitis after surgery/trauma (> 65
disease states Pathophysiology ... Monosodium urate ... • Metabolic syndrome ... predominance • Urate ... #Gout #Comparison
Acute Spinal Cord Injuries: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Anterior Cord Syndrome -> Anterior spinal artery
Anterior Cord Syndrome ... rectal reflex. saddle ... #diagnosis #pathophysiology ... #signs #symptoms ... #orthopedics #neurology
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND)

Definition:
HIV-Associated Neurocognitive disorders categories:
• Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment
• Mild neurocognitive impairment
• HIV dementia

Pathophysiology:
HIV frequently
HIV dementia Pathophysiology ... the blood-brain barrier ... the blood-brain barrier ... • Depressive symptoms ... The clinical syndrome
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Osmotic diuresis, Bartter's ... syndrome (mimics ... diuretic use), Gitelman's ... (Conn's, Liddle's ... differential #diagnosis #nephrology
Lesions of the Spinal cord - Spinal Cord Syndromes

Spinal cord lesions can result in permanent neurologic
Lower motor neuron symptoms ... Upper motor neuron symptoms ... anterior horn gray matter ... Impotence - Saddle ... differential #diagnosis #neurology