22 results
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
Diabetic Retinopathy ... Hemorrhages • Focal areas ... Neovascularization #Diabetic ... #Retinopathy #Diabetes ... #ophthalmology
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm
Decreased renal potassium excretion
 • Acute renal failure
 • Chronic renal failure
 • Drugs
Increased
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm ... Decreased renal ... • Drugs • Diabetic ... Hyperkalemia #Diagnosis #algorithm ... #nephrology #potassium
Metabolic and Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis - Diagnostic Algorithm

Anion gap - MUDPILES: 
 - Methanol (formic
Alkalosis - Diagnostic Algorithm ... - Uremia - Diabetic ... Addison disease - Renal ... Respiratory #Metabolic #Algorithm ... Recommended Text: Nephrology
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria - Urine Output > 3L/day, Increased Urine Volume (>2ml/min)
Osmotic
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... • Increased urea ... Recovery from Acute Renal ... #Polyuria #Nephrology ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Urine Output > 3L /day
Water Diuresis (Urine Osm <100 mOsm/kg)
 • Primary
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Polydipsia • Central Diabetes ... • Nephrogenic Diabetes ... Dl • Chronic Renal ... #causes #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift:
 • Alkalosis
 • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation 
 • Erythropoiesis
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Losses Non-renal ... • Discontinued diuretic ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #nephrology #low
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Decreased intake/absorption: Starvation, Alcoholism, Malabsorption, Phosphate binder use
 • Redistribution/
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... bone syndrome • Renal ... Post transplant, Diabetes ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #causes #nephrology
Hyponatremia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Utilizing Uric Acid 
ADH promotes Urea/uric acid excretion along with water
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... ADH promotes Urea ... High Uric Acid → renal ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #nephrology #sodium
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... UNa > 20: • Renal ... losses, Diuretic ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #Causes #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... hypokalemia • Renal ... Ureterosigmoidostomy, Diabetic ... differential #diagnosis #algorithm ... #causes #nephrology