27 results
Hypokalemia Differential Algorithm
Acidosis
 - RTA
 - Diarrhea
pH Normal 
 1. Decreased Mg 
 2. Intracellular Shift
Metabolic alkalosis ... Primary hyperaldo ... Algorithm #Diagnosis #Causes ... #Workup #Nephrology
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
Kidney Injury - AKI Workup ... urine microscopy / urinary ... calcium Optional: urinary ... osmolarity If cause ... #causes
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Once pseudohypokalemia is ruled out, causes of hypokalemia can be
Causes of Hypokalemia ... is ruled out, causes ... all the time (urinary ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #workup #nephrology
Mixed Urinary Incontinence: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Urgency Urinary Incontinence (UUI) -> Urinary leakage preceded by a
Mixed Urinary Incontinence ... Findings Urgency Urinary ... Incontinence (UUI) -> Urinary ... sudden, strong urge ... SUI or UUI not caused
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm

Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
wasting from other causes ... suggests extra-renal causes ... mEq/g suggests urinary ... ↑ Aldosterone: Primary ... Pressure: - Metabolic
Causes of Apparent Life Threatening Event (ALTE) - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Cardiac:
 • Congenital Heart Disease
 •
Causes of Apparent ... Myocarditis Metabolic ... Inborn Errors of Metabolism ... Disturbances Neurologic ... • Empyema • Urinary
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Low intake • Metabolic ... Renal Losses: • Metabolic ... secreting tumor, Primary ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... potassium #low #nephrology
Primary Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Volume Depleted - 2° hyperaldosteronism
 • Low Urine Cl-: Vomiting,
Primary Metabolic ... aldosteronism #Metabolic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Nephrology ... #Causes
Simplified Approach to Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
1) IS THIS AN EMERGENCY? 
Is there a dialysis indication
require urgent nephrology ... circulating volume, Urinary ... are caused by prerenal ... CONSIDER INTRINSIC CAUSES ... KidneyInjury #simplified #workup
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
anywhere in the urinary ... inflammation in urinary ... crystals may indicate metabolic ... • Bacteria - Urinary ... key #diagnosis #nephrology